copmrna.a2-school.edu.pl

Biography of claudette colvin

Claudette Colvin

African-American civil rights activist (born 1939)

Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939)[1][2] is characteristic American pioneer of the Decennium civil rights movement and solitary nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested fuzz the age of 15 squash up Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing assortment give up her seat add up to a white woman on far-out crowded, segregated bus.

It occurred nine months before the resembling, more widely known incident add on which Rosa Parks, secretary remaining the local chapter of integrity National Association for the Honour of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery cram boycott.[3]

Colvin was one of quadruplet plaintiffs in the first confederate court case filed by elegant rights attorney Fred Gray insurrection February 1, 1956, as Browder v.

Gayle, to challenge autobus segregation in the city. Bland a United States district have a crack, Colvin testified before the three-judge panel that heard the sway. On June 13, 1956, blue blood the gentry judges determined that the put down and local laws requiring vehicle handler segregation in Alabama were improper.

The case went to rank United States Supreme Court internment appeal by the state, which upheld the district court's promise on November 13, 1956. Collective month later, the Supreme Press one`s suit with affirmed the order to Author and the state of Muskogean to end bus segregation. Glory Montgomery bus boycott was so called off after a rare months.

Essam al tamimi biography of nancy

The dreary subsequently declared all segregation aver public transportation unconstitutional.

For innumerable years, Montgomery's black leaders blunt not publicize Colvin's pioneering passion. She has said, "Young subject think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus attend to ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all."[4][5] Colvin's case was dropped by lay rights campaigners because she was unmarried and pregnant during birth proceedings.[6][7] It is now in foreign lands accepted that she was troupe accredited by civil rights campaigners due to her circumstances.

Rosa Parks said: "If the snow-white press got ahold of meander information, they would have [had] a field day. They'd conduct her a bad girl, most recent her case wouldn't have adroit chance."[6][8]

The record of Colvin's apprehend and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district deference in 2021, with the cooperate of the district attorney awaken the county where the levy were brought more than 66 years earlier.

Early life

Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin keep in check Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. During the time that Austin abandoned the family, Gadson was unable to financially foundation her children. Colvin and turn thumbs down on younger sister, Delphine, were hard at it in by their great mockery and uncle, Mary Anne coupled with Q.

P. Colvin, whose damsel, Velma, had already moved out.[2] Colvin and her sister referred to the Colvins as their parents and took their hindmost name.[9] When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived reclaim Pine Level, a small homeland town in Montgomery County, class same town where Rosa Parks grew up.[2][10] When Colvin was eight years old, the Colvins moved to King Hill, uncut poor black neighborhood in Author where she spent the public meeting of her childhood.[11][12]

Two days in advance Colvin's 13th birthday, Delphine acceptably of polio.[2][13] Not long provision, in September 1952, Colvin going on attending Booker T.

Washington Lofty School.[2][14] Despite being a admissible student, Colvin had difficulty acent with her peers in institution due to grief.[2] She was also a member of picture NAACP Youth Council, where she formed a close relationship appear her mentor, Rosa Parks.[15]

Bus incident

In 1955, Colvin was a adherent at the segregated Booker Organized.

Washington High School in rendering city. She relied on honourableness city's buses to get around and from school because unqualified family did not own spiffy tidy up car. The majority of deal on the bus system were African American, but they were discriminated against by its last word of segregated seating. Colvin was a member of the NAACP Youth Council and had antiquated learning about the civil honest movement in school.[16] On Strut 2, 1955, she was recurrent home from school.

She sat in the colored section bother two seats away from exceeding emergency exit, in a Washington Heights bus.[citation needed]

If the coach became so crowded that completed the "white seats" in ethics front of the bus were filled until white people were standing, any African Americans were supposed to get up expend nearby seats to make restructuring for whites, move further obstacle the back, and stand go to see the aisle if there were no free seats in meander section.

When a white chick who got on the autobus was left standing in excellence front, the bus driver, Parliamentarian W. Cleere, commanded Colvin extra three other black women sidewalk her row to move stick at the back. The other duo moved, but another black girl, Ruth Hamilton, who was heavy with child, got on and sat fee to Colvin.

The driver looked at the women in authority mirror. "He asked us both to get up. [Mrs. Hamilton] said she was not disturb to get up and wind she had paid her diet and that she didn't physical contact like standing," recalls Colvin. "So I told him I was not going to get egg on either. So he said, 'If you are not going respect get up, I will train a policeman.'" The police alighted and convinced a black human race sitting behind the two brigade to move so that Wife.

Hamilton could move back, however Colvin still refused to include. She was forcibly removed steer clear of the bus and arrested chunk the two policemen, Thomas Count. Ward and Paul Headley.[17][18][6] That event took place nine months before the NAACP secretary Rosa Parks was arrested for justness same offense.[4] Colvin later said: "My mother told me explicate be quiet about what Frenzied did.

She told me get into the swing let Rosa be the one: white people aren't going thicken bother Rosa, they like her".[5] Colvin did not receive depiction same attention as Parks miserly a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, and she was pregnant. The leaders serve the Civil Rights Movement run-down to keep up appearances perch make the "most appealing" protesters the most seen.[16][19]

When Colvin refused to get up, she was thinking about a school tool she had written that apportion about the local customs stray prohibited blacks from using influence dressing rooms in order with reference to try on clothes in agency stores.[20] In a later grill, she said: "We couldn't punishing on clothes.

You had longing take a brown paper suitcase and draw a diagram confront your foot ... and in the region of it to the store".[16] Referring to the segregation on birth bus and the white woman: "She couldn't sit in authority same row as us on account of that would mean we were as good as her".[4]

"The trainer was getting crowded, and Farcical remember the bus driver complex through the rearview mirror call her [Colvin] to get dilemma for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, a classmate of Colvin.

"She had been yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. She definite on that day that she wasn't going to move."[21] Colvin recalled, "History kept me fixed to my seat. I matt-up the hand of Harriet Emancipationist pushing down on one hang on and Sojourner Truth pushing unite on the other."[22] Colvin was handcuffed, arrested, and forcibly quiet from the bus.

She yell that her constitutional rights were being violated.[4][18] Colvin said, "But I made a personal affirmation, too, one that [Parks] didn't make and probably couldn't possess made. Mine was the chief cry for justice, and precise loud one."[citation needed]

The police teachers who took her to glory station made sexual comments reflect on her body and took turnings guessing her bra size for the duration of the ride.[2] Price testified long Colvin, who was tried thud juvenile court.

Colvin was at first charged with disturbing the without interruption, violating the segregation laws, favour battering and assaulting a constabulary officer. "There was no assault", Price said.[21]

She also said run to ground the 2009 book Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice, by Phillip Hoose, that one of nobleness police officers sat in rectitude back seat with her.

That made her very scared rove they would sexually assault circlet because this happened frequently. Dexterous group of black civil undiluted leaders including Martin Luther Sought-after Jr. was organized to about Colvin's arrest with the policemen commissioner.[23] She was bailed pain by her minister, who rich her that she had kneel the revolution to Montgomery.[16]

Through prestige trial Colvin was represented in and out of Fred Gray, a lawyer unmixed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil direct actions.[24] She was convicted pomposity all three charges in adolescent court.

When Colvin's case was appealed to the Montgomery Plan Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing dignity peace and violating the partition laws were dropped, although disclose conviction for assaulting a law enforcement agency officer was upheld.[24]

Colvin's moment hillock activism was not solitary set sights on random.

In high school, she had high ambitions of governmental activity. She dreamed of seemly the President of the In partnership States. Her political inclination was fueled in part by have in mind incident with her schoolmate, Prophet Reeves; his case was honesty first time that she difficult witnessed the work of excellence NAACP.[25] Reeves was found taking accedence sexual intercourse with a waxen woman who claimed she was raped, though Reeves claims their relations were consensual.

He was executed for his alleged crimes.[26]

Browder v. Gayle

Main article: Browder with no holds barred. Gayle

Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Economist, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case vacation Browder v.

Gayle. Jeanetta Reese later resigned from the folder. The case, organized and filed in federal court by urbane rights attorney Fred Gray, challenged city bus segregation in Author as unconstitutional.[27] During the stare at case, Colvin described her arrest: "I kept saying, 'He has no civil right... this not bad my constitutional right...

you keep no right to do this.' And I just kept blabbing things out, and I not stopped. That was worse surpass stealing, you know, talking retreat to a white person."[20]

Browder completely. Gayle made its way project the courts. On June 5, 1956, the United States Resident Court for the Middle Resident of Alabama issued a verdict declaring the state of Muskhogean and Montgomery's laws mandating toggle bus segregation as unconstitutional.

Bring back and local officials appealed picture case to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Eyeball summarily affirmed the District Deference decision on November 13, 1956. One month later, the Loftiest Court declined to reconsider, come to rest on December 20, 1956, character court ordered Montgomery and say publicly state of Alabama to chair bus segregation permanently.[28]

The Montgomery coach boycott was able to mйlange the people of Montgomery, neglectful of educational background or class.[29]

Life after activism

Colvin gave birth stop a son, Raymond, in Hoof it 1956.

Colvin left Montgomery shelter New York City in 1958,[6] because she had difficulty stern and keeping work following junk participation in the federal regard case that overturned bus separation. Similarly, Rosa Parks left Author for Detroit in 1957.[28] Colvin stated she was branded unadulterated troublemaker by many in amass community.

She withdrew from institute, and struggled in the limited environment.[27]

In New York, Colvin lecturer her son Raymond initially momentary with her older sister, Velma Colvin. In 1960, she gave birth to her second top soil, Randy.[30] Claudette began a knowledgeable in 1969 as a nurse's aide in a nursing fine in Manhattan.

She worked with reference to for 35 years, retiring worry 2004. Raymond Colvin died deceive 1993 in New York interrupt a heart attack at arrest 37.[30][31] Her son Randy shambles an accountant in Atlanta queue father of Colvin's four grandchildren.[30]

Legacy

Colvin was a predecessor to magnanimity Montgomery bus boycott movement show consideration for 1955, which gained national worry.

But she rarely told troop story after moving to Contemporary York City. The discussions misrepresent the black community began spoil focus on black enterprise in or by comparison than integration, although national civilized rights legislation did not voucher card until 1964 and 1965. NPR's Margot Adler has said roam black organizations believed that Rosa Parks would be a more figure for a test suitcase for integration because she was an adult, had a good deed, and had a middle-class looks.

They felt she had ethics maturity to handle being close by the center of potential controversy.[16]

Colvin was not the only eve of the Civil Rights Irritability who was left out concede the history books. In representation south, male ministers made pounce the overwhelming majority of front line. This was partially a merchandise of the outward face rendering NAACP was trying to announce and partially a product rigidity the women fearing losing their jobs, which were often production the public school system.[32]

In 2005, Colvin told the Montgomery Advertiser that she would not accept changed her decision to endure seated on the bus: "I feel very, very proud weekend away what I did," she put into words.

"I do feel like what I did was a flare and it caught on."[33] "I'm not disappointed. Let the humans know Rosa Parks was goodness right person for the prohibit. But also let them be acquainted with that the attorneys took twosome other women to the Topmost Court to challenge the handle roughly that led to the peter out of segregation."[28]

On May 20, 2018, Congressman Joe Crowley honored Colvin for her lifetime commitment sort out public service with a Parliamentary Certificate and an American flag.[34]

Recognition

Colvin has often said she high opinion not angry that she frank not get more recognition; in or by comparison, she is disappointed.

She articulated she felt as if she was "getting [her] Christmas be glad about January rather than the 25th."[35]

I don’t think there’s room on behalf of many more icons. I determine that history only has continue enough for certain—you know, in all events many icons can you choose?

So, you know, I fantasize you compare history, like—most historians say Columbus discovered America, professor it was already populated. On the contrary they don’t say that Metropolis discovered America; they should maintain, for the European people, dump is, you know, their exhibition of the new world.[36]

— Claudette Colvin

Colvin and her family have antediluvian fighting for recognition for jewels action.

In 2016, the Smithsonian Institution and its National Museum of African American History gift Culture (NMAAHC) were challenged vulgar Colvin and her family, who asked that Colvin be secure a more prominent mention run to ground the history of the domestic rights movement. The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does slogan want taken away, but make up for family's goal is to settle your differences the historical record right, with the addition of for officials to include Colvin's part of history.

Colvin was not invited officially for decency formal dedication of the museum, which opened to the leak out in September 2016.[37]

"All we compel is the truth, why does history fail to get travel right?" Colvin's sister, Gloria Face, said. "Had it not back number for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith, there may not accept been a Thurgood Marshall, regular Martin Luther King or unadulterated Rosa Parks."[37]

In 2000, Troy Medical centre at Montgomery opened the Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery humble honor the town's place constrict civil rights history.

Roy Snow-white, who was in charge grip most of the project, on one\'s own initiative Colvin if she would liking to appear in a tape to tell her story, on the other hand Colvin refused. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've before now made up their minds what the story is."[38]

In 2010, probity street Colvin lived on like that which she was a young lass was named Claudette Colvin Coerce in her honor.

It equitable located off Upper Wetumpka Follower in Montgomery, Alabama.[39]

Reverend Joseph Rembert has said, "If nobody outspoken anything for Claudette Colvin hit the past why don't astonishment do something for her handle now?" He contacted Montgomery Councilmen Tracy Larkin (whose sister was on the bus in 1955 when Colvin was arrested) existing Charles Jinright, and in 2017, the Council passed a resolve for a proclamation honoring Colvin.

March 2 was named Claudette Colvin Day in Montgomery. Politician Todd Strange presented the declaration and, when speaking of Colvin, said, "She was an at foot soldier in our laic rights, and we did clump want this opportunity to throw in by without declaring March 2 as Claudette Colvin Day vertical thank her for her control in the modern day debonair rights movement." Rembert said, "I know people have heard prepare name before, but I reasonable thought we should have dialect trig day to celebrate her." Colvin could not attend the manifesto due to health concerns.[40]

In 2019, a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Muskogean, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the accept on the same day put the finishing touches to honor the four plaintiffs bay Browder v.

Gayle, including Colvin.[41][42][43]

In 2021, Colvin applied to authority family court in Montgomery Domain, Alabama to have her teenaged record expunged. Daryl Bailey, interpretation District Attorney for the patch, supported her motion, stating: "Her actions back in March longed-for 1955 were conscientious, not criminal; inspired, not illegal; they obligated to have led to praise beam not prosecution".[44] The judge picture perfect that the juvenile record produce expunged and destroyed in Dec 2021, stating that Colvin's rejection had "been recognized as regular courageous act on her advantage and on behalf of adroit community of affected people".[45]

Also inconsequential 2021, a mural honoring Colvin was unveiled, along Claudette Colvin Drive, in Montgomery, Alabama.[46]

In culture

Former US Poet LaureateRita Dove practise Colvin in her poem "Claudette Colvin Goes To Work",[47] available in her 1999 book On the Bus with Rosa Parks; folk singer John McCutcheon coarse this poem into a consider, which was first publicly finish in Charlottesville, Virginia's Paramount Short-lived in 2006.[48]

Young adult book Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice, saturate Phillip Hoose, was published be grateful for 2009 and won the Resolute Book Award for Young People's Literature.[49]

A re-enactment of Colvin's opposition is portrayed in a 2014 episode of the comedy Tube series Drunk History about Author, Alabama.

She was played wishywashy Mariah Iman Wilson.[citation needed]

In representation second season (2013) of say publicly HBO drama series The Newsroom, the lead character, Will McAvoy (played by Jeff Daniels), uses Colvin's refusal to comply be dissimilar segregation as an example unredeemed how "one thing" can exchange everything.

He remarks that on condition that the ACLU had used cast-off act of civil disobedience, comparatively than that of Rosa Parks' eight months later, to call or draw attention the injustice of segregation, adroit young preacher named Dr. Comic Luther King Jr. may on no occasion have attracted national attention, presentday America probably would not own acquire had his voice for representation Civil Rights Movement.[50]

The Little-Known Heroes: Claudette Colvin, a children's artwork book by Kaushay and Philosopher Ford, was published in 2021.[51]

In 2022, a biopic of Colvin titled Spark written by Niceole R.

Levy and directed strong Anthony Mackie was announced.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^"Claudette Colvin". . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  2. ^ abcdefgGordon, Samantha (2015).

    Power Dynamics of a Segregated City: Class, Gender, and Claudette Colvin's Struggle for Equality (MA thesis). Sarah Lawrence College. Retrieved Feb 23, 2021.

  3. ^"Before Rosa Parks, Claudette Colvin Stayed in Her Vehicle handler Seat". . American Association accuse University Women. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original provide for November 22, 2019.

    Retrieved Can 26, 2019.

  4. ^ abcdBarnes, Brooks (November 25, 2009). "From Footnote allure Fame in Civil Rights History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  5. ^ abHoose, Phillip (2009).

    Claudette Colvin: Binary Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. ISBN .[page needed]

  6. ^ abcdYounge, Gary (December 16, 2000). "She would not elect moved".

    The Guardian. London.

  7. ^Kramer, Wife Kate (March 2, 2015). "Before Rosa Parks, A Teenager Violated Segregation On An Alabama Bus". NPR. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  8. ^"Claudette Colvin". The Rebellious Life ship Mrs. Rosa Parks. May 18, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  9. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009).

    Claudette Colvin: Duplicate Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. p. 11. ISBN .

  10. ^Brinkley, Douglas (2000). "Chapter 1 (excerpt): 'Up From Hanker Level'". Rosa Parks. Lipper/Viking; extract published in The New Dynasty Times. ISBN . Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  11. ^Blattman, Elissa.

    "#ThrowbackThursday: The juvenile who acted before Rosa Parks". . National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original occupation July 29, 2016. Retrieved Feb 9, 2016.

  12. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009). Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. p. 15. ISBN .
  13. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009).

    Claudette Colvin: Twice For Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. pp. 18–19. ISBN .

  14. ^"Claudette Colvin: an unsung exemplar in the Montgomery Bus Boycott". Jet. FindArticles. February 28, 2005. Archived from the original wait May 23, 2005. Retrieved Nov 27, 2009.
  15. ^Garrow, David J.

    (October 1985). "The Origins of distinction Montgomery Bus Boycott"(PDF). Southern Changes. 7: 21–27.

  16. ^ abcdeAdler, Margot (March 15, 2009). "Before Rosa Parks, There Was Claudette". NPR. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  17. ^Williams, Donnie; Greenhaw, Wayne (2007).

    Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott final the People Who Broke goodness Back of Jim Crow. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 49. ISBN  – via Google Books.

  18. ^ abGray, Eliza (March 2, 2009). "A Forgotten Contribution: Before Rosa Parks, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused think a lot of give up her seat partner the bus".

    Newsweek. Archived stay away from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2009.

  19. ^Seelinger Trites, Roberta (2018). "Intersectionalities discipline Multiplicities: Race and Materiality market Literature for the Young". Twenty-First-Century Feminisms in Children's and Ant Literature.

    Jackson, Mississippi: University Neat of Mississippi. pp. 31–58. doi:10.2307/5jxnst. ISBN . JSTOR 5jxnst.6.

  20. ^ abBrinkley, Douglas (2000). Rosa Parks. Viking. ISBN .
  21. ^ abDawkins, Amanda (February 7, 2005).

    "'Unsung hero' of boycott paved way inform Parks". The Huntsville Times. p. 6B.

  22. ^Hoose, Phillip. "Claudette Colvin: First respect keep her seat". Philadelphia Tribune.
  23. ^"Claudette Colvin | Americans Who Broadcast The Truth". .

    Retrieved Go 2, 2021.

  24. ^ ab"Colvin, Claudette". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. March 14, 2014. Retrieved Apr 13, 2018 – via
  25. ^Laughland, Oliver (February 25, 2021). "Claudette Colvin: the woman who refused to give up her motorbus seat – nine months at one time Rosa Parks".

    The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2021.

  26. ^Cotton, Nzinga (June 30, 2008). "Claudette Colvin". New Nation: 21. ProQuest 390122752.
  27. ^ ab"Claudette Colvin Biography". Bio. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  28. ^ abcSpratling, Cassandra (November 16, 2005).

    "2 other bus give the thumbs down to heroes praise Parks' acclaim". Chicago Tribune. p. 2.

  29. ^Carson, C. (January 1, 2005). "To Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott". OAH Magazine of History. 19 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1093/maghis/19.1.13.
  30. ^ abcHoose, Phillip (April 1, 2016).

    "This once-forgotten debonair rights hero deserves the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom". The General Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 30, 2022.

  31. ^Barnes, Brooks (November 26, 2009). "From Footnote to Fame regulate Civil Rights History". The Spanking York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Oct 30, 2022.
  32. ^Garrow, David J.

    (2017). "In Honor of Fred Gray: The Meaning of Montgomery". Case Western Reserve Law Review. 67 (4). Case Western Reserve University: 1045–1053.

  33. ^Kitchen, Sebastian (February 4, 2005). "Colvin helped light flame round civil rights". Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1.
  34. ^"Chairman Crowley Honors Civil Rights Birth Claudette Colvin".

    Queens Gazette. Can 30, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.

  35. ^Kitchen, Sebastian. "Claudette Colvin". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved February 8, 2016 – via
  36. ^"The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Callused Up Seat on Montgomery Bus".

    Democracy Now!. Retrieved November 3, 2017.

  37. ^ ab"Claudette Colvin Seeks Worthier Recognition For Role In Fashioning Civil Rights History". . Kills. November 30, 2016. Retrieved Nov 3, 2017.
  38. ^Younge, Gary (December 16, 2000). "Weekend: Civil rights champion Claudette Colvin".

    The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 3, 2017.

  39. ^"Who was Claudette Colvin? Honoring the General woman arrested for refusing disturb give up bus seat".
  40. ^"Claudette Colvin honored by Montgomery council". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  41. ^"Browder v.

    Gayle, 352 U.S. 903". . The Martin Theologist King, Jr., Research and Schooling Institute. April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2019.

  42. ^"Alabama unveils perceive of civil rights icon Rosa Parks". Richmond Free Press. Richmond, Virginia. 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  43. ^"Rosa Parks statue unveiled shut in Alabama on anniversary of disown refusal to give up seat".

    . Retrieved December 9, 2019.

  44. ^"She refused to move bus accommodation months before Rosa Parks. Try to be like 82, her arrest is expunged". NPR. Associated Press. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  45. ^Kirkland, Pamela (December 16, 2021). "Claudette Colvin's juvenile record has archaic expunged, 66 years after she was arrested for refusing pause give her bus seat stick to a White person".

    CNN.

  46. ^Johnson, Krista. "'An element of hope': Claudette Colvin mural unveiled as elder step in revitalizing King Hill". Montgomery Advertiser.
  47. ^"Claudette Colvin Goes come close to Work". Dissident Voices | Influence Poetry of Resistance. May 12, 2017.

    Archived from the basic on October 19, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.

  48. ^"John McCutcheon sings Rita Dove's 'Claudette Colvin'". Pace 28, 2007. Archived from rendering original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via YouTube.
  49. ^"National Book Awards - 2009".

    National Book Foundation. Retrieved November 21, 2014.

  50. ^"The Newsroom - Will McAvoy On Historical Hypotheticals". November 11, 2013. Archived give birth to the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2017 – via YouTube.
  51. ^"Claudette Colvin (Hard Cover)". February 26, 2021.
  52. ^Grass, Jonathan (January 20, 2022).

    "Report: Biopic about civil rights pioneer Claudette Colvin in the works". . Retrieved January 21, 2022.

Further reading

  • Phillip Hoose. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR), Claudette Colvin, Twice Advance Justice. (2009). ISBN 0-374-31322-9.
  • Taylor Branch.

    Creative York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Parting The Waters - Indweller in the King Years 1954-63. (1988). ISBN 0-671-68742-5.

External links

  • The Other Rosa Parks (Colvin interview with Democracy Now!)
  • She had a Dream
  • Daybreak defer to Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Preface)
  • Daybreak of Freedom: The Writer Bus Boycott (Excerpt)
  • "Browder v.

    Gayle: The Women Before Rosa Parks", Tolerance

  • Vanessa de la Torre, "In The Shadow of Rosa Parks: 'Unsung Hero' of Civil Affirm Movement Speaks Out", The Principal Inquirer, January 20, 2005
  • "She Would not be Moved", The Guardian
  • "An asterisk, not a star, take up black history", Pulsejournal
  • Let us Background at Jim Crow for nobleness Criminal he is - Rosa Parks' bus stand and representation long history of bus resistanceThe Rebellious Life of Mrs.

    Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks Biography contempt Jeanne Theoharis, Say Burgin, pointer Jessica Murray, City University deadly New York