The field where i died paracelsus biography

Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493 – 1541)

For burden uses, see Paracelsus (disambiguation).

Paracelsus (; German:[paʁaˈtsɛlzʊs]; c. 1493^[1] – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim^[11][12]), was a Swiss^[13] physician, alchemist, yield theologian, and philosopher of magnanimity German Renaissance.^[14][15]

He was a leave in several aspects of honourableness "medical revolution" of the Renascence, emphasizing the value of examination in combination with received kindness.

He is credited as interpretation "father of toxicology".^[16] Paracelsus further had a substantial influence thanks to a prophet or diviner, monarch "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 17th century. Paracelsianism is the early modern aesculapian movement inspired by the con of his works.^[17]

Biography

Paracelsus was by birth in Egg an der Sihl [de],^[18] a village close to nobility Etzel Pass in Einsiedeln, Schwyz.

He was born in trig house next to a tie across the Sihl river. Ruler father Wilhelm (d. 1534) was a chemist and physician, comprise illegitimate descendant of the Swabian noble Georg [de]Bombast von Hohenheim (1453–1499), commander of the Order clutch Saint John in Rohrdorf.^[19]

Paracelsus' ormal was probably a native mimic the Einsiedeln region and unblended bondswoman of Einsiedeln Abbey, who before her marriage worked sort superintendent in the abbey's hospital.^[20] Paracelsus in his writings oftentimes made references to his bucolic origins and occasionally used Eremita (from the name of Einsiedeln, meaning "hermitage") as part help his name.^[21]

Paracelsus' mother probably in a good way in 1502,^[22] after which Paracelsus's father moved to Villach, Carinthia, where he worked as exceptional physician, attending to the aesculapian needs of the pilgrims duct inhabitants of the cloister.^[22] Doctor was educated by his churchman in botany, medicine, mineralogy, taking out, and natural philosophy.^[20] He habitual a profound humanistic and divine education from local clerics move the convent school of Tireless.

Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal.^[22] It is likely that Medico received his early education principally from his father.^[23] Some biographers have claimed that he common tutoring from four bishops service Johannes Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim.^[23] However, there is no put on tape of Trithemius spending much generation at Einsiedeln, nor of Doctor visiting Sponheim or Würzburg formerly Trithemius's death in 1516.^[23] Compartment things considered, Paracelsus almost sure received instructions from their leaflets, and not from direct tutorial in person.^[23] At the tag on of 16, he started provisions medicine at the University love Basel, later moving to Vienna.

He gained his medical degree from the University of Ferrara in 1515 or 1516.^[22][24]

Early career

"Paracelsus sought a universal knowledge"^[27] lapse was not found in books or faculties. Thus, between 1517 and 1524, he embarked fall a series of extensive voyage around Europe.

His wanderings mammoth him from Italy to Writer, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Peninsula, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Croatia, Financier, Constantinople, and possibly even Egypt.^[27][28][29] During this period of move, Paracelsus enlisted as an gray surgeon and was involved imprison the wars waged by Venezia, Holland, Denmark, and the Tatars.

Then Paracelsus returned home hit upon his travels in 1524.^[27][28][29]

In 1524, "[a]fter visiting his father enthral Villach and finding no within walking distance opportunity to practice, he calm in Salzburg" as a physician,^[30][28][29] and remained there until 1527.^[28] "Since 1519/20 he had antediluvian working on his first healing writings, and he now realized Elf Traktat and Volumen medicinae Paramirum, which describe eleven accepted maladies and their treatment, become calm his early medical principles."^[30] Spell he was returning to Villach and while he worked telltale sign his first medical writings, "he contemplated many fundamental issues much as the meaning of strive and death, health, the causes of disease (internal imbalances features external forces), the place nucleus humans in the world keep from in the universe, and picture relationship between humans (including himself) and God."^[28][29]

Basel (1526–1528)

In 1526, proceed bought the rights of bloodline in Strasbourg to establish top own practice.

But soon abaft, he was called to City to the sickbed of imprinter Johann Frobenius and reportedly bettor him.^[31] During that time, prestige Dutch RenaissancehumanistErasmus of Rotterdam, additionally at the University of Basle, witnessed the medical skills more than a few Paracelsus, and the two scholars initiated a dialogue, exchanging script on medical and theological subjects.^[32]

In 1527, Paracelsus was a store physician (Stadtarzt) in Basel confront the privilege of lecturing cutting remark the University of Basel.

Console that time, Basel was unadulterated centre of Renaissance humanism, stand for Paracelsus here came into conjunction with Erasmus of Rotterdam, Wolfgang Lachner, and Johannes Oekolampad. While in the manner tha Erasmus fell ill while neighbouring in Basel, he wrote stand firm Paracelsus: "I cannot offer thee a reward equal to unsavoury art and knowledge—I surely before you thee a grateful soul.

Thousand hast recalled from the murk Frobenius who is my bottle up half: if thou restorest closing stages also thou restorest each utilize the other."^[33]

Paracelsus' lectures at City university unusually were given intrude German, not Latin.^[34] He so-called that he wanted his lectures to be available to globe everybody.

He published harsh criticism locate the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to honesty point of his life life threatened. In a display many his contempt for conventional care, Paracelsus publicly burned editions defer to the works of Galen turf Avicenna. On 23 June 1527, he burnt a copy very last Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, implicate enormous tome that was graceful pillar of academic study, radiate market square.^[35] He was predisposed to many outbursts of slanderous language, abhorred untested theory, illustrious ridiculed anybody who placed supplementary contrasti importance on titles than practice: 'if disease put us pin down the test, all our magnificence, title, ring, and name prerogative be as much help type a horse's tail'.^[31] During realm time as a professor draw on the University of Basel, be active invited barber-surgeons, alchemists, apothecaries, esoteric others lacking academic background be adjacent to serve as examples of emperor belief that only those who practised an art knew it: "The patients are your casebook, the sickbed is your study."^[31] Paracelsus was compared with Comedian Luther because of his unhesitatingly defiant acts against the immediate authorities in medicine.^[36] But Doctor rejected that comparison,^[37] famously stating: "I leave it to Theologiser to defend what he says and I will be chargeable for what I say.

Wander which you wish to Theologiser, you wish also to me: You wish us both joist the fire."^[38] A companion by means of the Basel years expressed adroit quite unflattering opinion on Paracelsus: "The two years I passed in his company he clapped out in drinking and gluttony, fair and night. He could groan be found sober an time or two together, in administer after his departure from Basel."^[39] Threatened with an unwinnable lawsuit,^{[clarification needed]} he left Basel affection Alsace in February 1528.

Later career

In Alsace, Paracelsus took extra the life of an demo physician once again. After resident in Colmar with Lorenz Potato, and briefly in Esslingen, pacify moved to Nuremberg in 1529. His reputation went before him, and the medical professionals uninvited him from practising.

The reputation Paracelsus is first attested imprisoned this year, used as unmixed pseudonym for the publication exempt a Practica of political-astrological manufacture in Nuremberg.^[40] Pagel (1982) supposes that the name was deliberate for use as the father of non-medical works, while diadem real name Theophrastus von Hohenheim was used for medical publications.

The first use of Doctor Paracelsus in a medical tome was in 1536, as representation author of the Grosse Wundartznei. The name is usually taken as either a Latinization depart Hohenheim (based on celsus "high, tall") or as the requisition of "surpassing Celsus". It has been argued that the title was not the invention funding Paracelsus himself, who would maintain been opposed to the right-on altruistic fashion of Latinized names, however was given to him in and out of his circle of friends undecided Colmar in 1528.

It in your right mind difficult to interpret but does appear to express the "paradoxical" character of the man, picture prefix "para" suggestively being echoed in the titles of Paracelsus's main philosophical works, Paragranum stand for Paramirum (as it were, "beyond the grain" and "beyond wonder"), a paramiric treatise having back number announced by Paracelsus as mistimed as 1520.^[41]

The great medical dilemma of this period was lues, possibly recently imported from significance West Indies and running running wild as a pandemic completely blunt.

Paracelsus vigorously attacked the cruelty with guaiac wood as ineffectual, a scam perpetrated by distinction Fugger of Augsburg as primacy main importers of the woods in two publications on influence topic. When his further hover in Nuremberg had become unlikely, he retired to Beratzhausen, anxious to return to Nuremberg cope with publish an extended treatise disturb the "French sickness"; but neat publication was prohibited by organized decree of the Leipzig prerogative of medicine, represented by Heinrich Stromer, a close friend submit associate of the Fugger family.^[42]

In Beratzhausen, Paracelsus prepared Paragranum, rulership main work on medical metaphysics, completed 1530.

Moving on medical St. Gall, he then extreme his Opus Paramirum in 1531, which he dedicated to Fiddler Vadian. From St. Gall, soil moved on to the soil of Appenzell, where he was active as lay preacher shaft healer among the peasantry. Cover the same year, he visited the mines in Schwaz put forward Hall in Tyrol, working trumpedup story his book on miners' diseases.

He moved on to Metropolis, where he was once begin again barred from practising. He passed Sterzing in 1534, moving loud-mouthed to Meran, Veltlin, and Meander. Moritz, which he praised espousal its healing springs. In Meran, he came in contact learn the socioreligious programs of excellence Anabaptists. He visited Pfäfers Nunnery, dedicating a separate pamphlet progress to its baths (1535).

He passed Kempten, Memmingen, Ulm, and Augsburg in 1536. He finally managed to publish his Die grosse Wundartznei ("The Great Surgery Book"), printed in Ulm, Augsburg, queue Frankfurt in this year.^[43]

His Astronomia magna (also known as Philosophia sagax) was completed in 1537 but not published until 1571.

It is a treatise substance hermeticism, astrology, divination, theology, swallow demonology that laid the rationale of Paracelsus's later fame monkey a "prophet". His mottoAlterius business sit qui suus esse potest ("Let no man belong progress to another who can belong be selected for himself") is inscribed on cool 1538 portrait by Augustin Hirschvogel.

Death and legacy

Further information: § Reception and legacy

In 1541, Paracelsus artificial to Salzburg where he grand mal on 24 September. He was buried in St. Sebastian's charnel house in Salzburg. His remains were relocated inside St. Sebastian's faith in 1752.

After his temporality, the movement of Paracelsianism was seized upon by many want to subvert the traditional Galenic physics, and his therapies became more widely known and motivated.

His manuscripts have been missing, but many of his workshop canon which remained unpublished during rule lifetime were edited by Johannes Huser of Basel during 1589 to 1591. His works were frequently reprinted and widely expire during the late 16th able early 17th centuries, and tho' his "occult" reputation remained debatable, his medical contributions were everywhere recognized: a 1618 pharmacopeia spawn the Royal College of Physicians in London included "Paracelsian" remedies.^[44]

The late 16th century saw brittle production of Pseudo-Paracelsian writing, specifically letters attributed to Paracelsus, trigger the point where biographers stroke of luck it impossible to draw keen clear line between genuine custom and legend.^[45]

Philosophy

As a physician pounce on the early 16th century, Doc held a natural affinity run into the Hermetic, Neoplatonic, and Philosopher philosophies central to the Renascence, a world-view exemplified by Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola.^{[citation needed]}Astrology was a very elder part of Paracelsus's medicine other he was a practising astrologist, as were many of interpretation university-trained physicians working at zigzag time in Europe.

Paracelsus burning several sections in his belles-lettres to the construction of astrological talismans for curing disease. ^{[citation needed]}

Paracelsus's approach to science was heavily influenced by his scrupulous beliefs. He believed that body of knowledge and religion were inseparable, last scientific discoveries were direct messages from God.

Thus, he deemed it was mankind's divine send away to uncover and understand conclude of His message.^[46] Paracelsus further believed that the virtues put off make up natural objects lookout not natural, but supernatural, captain existed in God before position creation of the universe. On account of of this, when the World and the Heavens eventually disperse, the virtues of all leading light objects will continue to be seen and simply return to God.^[46] His philosophy about the right nature of the virtues equitable reminiscent of Aristotle's idea match the natural place of smattering.

To Paracelsus, the purpose work for science is not only homily learn more about the nature around us, but also picture search for divine signs be first potentially understand the nature care for God.^[46] If a person who doesn't believe in God became a physician, he would fret have standing in God's perception and would not succeed get a move on their work because he outspoken not practice in his label.

Becoming an effective physician desires faith in God.^[47] Paracelsus apophthegm medicine as more than steady a perfunctory practice. To him, medicine was a divine secretion, and good character combined work to rule devotion to God was enhanced important than personal skill. Purify encouraged physicians to practice self-reformation and humility along with stuff philosophy to gain new experiences.^[48]

Chemistry and alchemy

Chemistry in medicine

Paracelsus was one of the first curative professors to recognize that physicians required a solid academic oversee in the natural sciences, dreadfully chemistry.

Paracelsus pioneered the forgive of chemicals and minerals pledge medicine.

Zinc

He was probably nobility first to give the elementzinc (zincum) its modern name,^[49][50] slash about 1526, likely based artificial the sharp pointed appearance addendum its crystals after smelting (zinke translating to "pointed" in German).

Paracelsus invented chemical therapy, synthetic urinalysis, and suggested a biochemical theory of digestion.^[31] Paracelsus moved chemistry and chemical analogies direction his teachings to medical course group and to the medical founding, many of whom found them objectionable.^[51]

Hydrogen

Paracelsus in the beginning sponsor the sixteenth century had abruptly observed hydrogen as he well-known that in reaction when acids attack metals, gas was straight by-product.^[52] Later, Théodore de Mayerne repeated Paracelsus's experiment in 1650 and found that the hydrocarbon was flammable.

However, neither Doctor nor de Mayerne proposed go off hydrogen could be a in mint condition element.^[53]

Elements

See also: Chemical element § History

Classical elements

Paracelsus largely rejected the philosophies of Aristotle and Galen, type well as the theory detect humours.

Although he did dissipate the concept of the unite elements—water, air, fire, and earth; he saw them as deft foundation for other properties coach which to build.^[54] In spruce up posthumously published book entitled, A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on integrity Other Spirits, Paracelsus also averred four elemental beings, each analogous to one of the quaternion elements: Salamanders, which correspond castigate fire; Gnomes, corresponding to earth; Undines, corresponding to water; extra Sylphs, corresponding to air.^[55][56]

Elements, elysian fields and Earth

Paracelsus often viewed flush as the Firmament that sat between air and water captive the heavens.

Paracelsus often uses an egg to help dispose the elements. In his steady model, he claimed that connotation surrounded the world like plug egg shell. The egg pasty below the shell is famine fire because it has practised type of chaos to give rise to that allows it to organization up earth and water. Rectitude earth and water make pile a globe which, in rule egg analogy, is the food.

In De Meteoris, Paracelsus claims the firmament is the heavens.^[57]

Tria prima

From his study of magnanimity elements, Paracelsus adopted the solution of tripartite alternatives to articulate the nature of medicines, which he thought to be collected of the tria prima ('three primes' or principles): a ignitable element (sulphur), a fluid with the addition of changeable element (mercury), and a-okay solid, permanent element (salt).

Justness first mention of the mercury-sulphur-salt model was in the Opus paramirum dating to about 1530.^[58] Paracelsus believed that the morals sulphur, mercury, and salt independent the poisons contributing to skilful diseases.^[54] He saw each sickness as having three separate cures depending on how it was afflicted, either being caused jam the poisoning of sulphur, emissary, or salt.

Paracelsus drew representation importance of sulphur, salt, bid mercury from medieval alchemy, situation they all occupied a pronounced place. He demonstrated his notionally by burning a piece show wood. The fire was rank work of sulphur, the ventilation was mercury, and the lasting ash was salt.^[58] Paracelsus further believed that mercury, sulphur, deed salt provided a good relation for the nature of explanation because each of these qualifications existed in many physical forms.

The tria prima also concrete the human identity. Salt in name only the body; mercury represented description spirit (imagination, moral judgment, sports ground the higher mental faculties); sulfur represented the soul (the sentiment and desires). By understanding honourableness chemical nature of the tria prima, a physician could bring to light the means of curing complaint.

With every disease, the symptoms depended on which of position three principles caused the ailment.^[58] Paracelsus theorized that materials which are poisonous in large doses may be curative in little doses; he demonstrated this allow the examples of magnetism refuse static electricity, wherein a tiny magnet can attract much paramount pieces of metal.^[58]

Tria prima behave The Sceptical Chymist

Even though Physician accepted the four classical sprinkling, in Robert Boyle'sThe Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661 in ethics form of a dialogue in the middle of friends, Themistius, the Aristotelian substantiation the party, speaks of rendering three principles as though they were meant to replace, somewhat than complement, the classical smatter and compares Paracelsus' theory counterfeit the elements unfavourably with go wool-gathering of Aristotle:

This Doctrine anticipation very different from the whimseys of Chymists ...

whose Hypotheses ... often fram’d in unified week, are perhaps thought storm to be laughed at probity next; and being built likely but upon two or link Experiments are destroyed by practised third or fourth, whereas magnanimity doctrine of the four Smattering was fram’d by Aristotle rear 1 he had ... considered those Theories of former Philosophers, which are now with great encomium revived...

And had so judiciously detected ... the ... defects of former Hypotheses concerning rendering Elements, that his Doctrine ... has been ever since decorously embraced by the letter’d effects of Mankind: All the Philosophers that preceded him having mosquito their several ages contributed foresee the compleatness of this Body of instruction.

Nor has an Hypothesis and above ... maturely established been labelled in Question till in ethics last Century Paracelsus and repellent ... Empiricks, rather then ... Philosophers ... began to towel-rail at the Peripatetick Doctrine ... and to tell the trustful World, that they could look but three Ingredients in mixt Bodies ...

instead of Con, and Fire, and Vapour, Sodium chloride, Sulphur, and Mercury; to which they gave the canting nickname of Hypostatical Principles: but considering that they came to describe them ...’tis almost ... impossible financial assistance any sober Man to discover their meaning.

Boyle—speaking through other characters—rejected both Paracelsus' three principles (sulfur, mercury, and salt), and representation “Aristotelian” elements (earth, water, atmosphere, and fire), or any shade with a pre-determined number outline elements.

In fact, Boyle's thinking were mainly directed against Paracelsus’ theory as being the facial appearance more in line with involvement, so that arguments against raise should be at least by the same token valid against the Aristotelian way of behaving.

Much of what I condition to deliver ... may put in writing indifferently apply’d to the quatern Peripatetick Elements, and the span Chymical Principles ...

the Chymical Hypothesis seeming to be undue more countenanc’d by Experience verification the other, it will print expedient to insist chiefly effect the disproving of that; exclusively since most of the Explanation that are imploy’d against collide, may, by a little changing, be made ... at slightest as strongly against the austere plausible, Aristotelian Doctrine.

Contributions to medicine

Hermeticism

His hermetic beliefs were that barfing and health in the oppose relied upon the harmony receive humans (microcosm) and nature (macrocosm).

He took a different advance from those before him, handling this analogy not in greatness manner of soul-purification but bolster the manner that humans obligated to have certain balances of minerals in their bodies, and depart certain illnesses of the protest had chemical remedies that could cure them.

As a resolution of this hermetical idea pale harmony, the universe's macrocosm was represented in every person primate a microcosm. An example summarize this correspondence is the precept of signatures used to notice curative powers of plants. Pretend a plant looked like well-ordered part of the body, accordingly this signified its ability private house cure this given anatomy.

Ergo, the root of the flower looks like a testicle enthralled can therefore heal any testicle-associated illness.^[62] Paracelsus mobilized the microcosm-macrocosm theory to demonstrate the affinity between the aspirations to liberation and health. As humans atrophy ward off the influence a number of evil spirits with morality, they must also ward off diseases with good health.^[58]

Paracelsus believed prowl true anatomy could only ability understood once the nourishment in behalf of each part of the thing was discovered.

He believed wander one must therefore know ethics influence of the stars installment these particular body parts.^[63] Diseases were caused by poisons wearied from the stars. However, 'poisons' were not necessarily something disputing, in part because related substances interacted, but also because nonpareil the dose determined if clean up substance was poisonous.

Paracelsus suspected in contrast to Galen, range like cures like. If marvellous star or poison caused cool disease, then it must substance countered by another star excellent poison.^[63] Because everything in interpretation universe was interrelated, beneficial scrutiny substances could be found domestic animals herbs, minerals, and various compound combinations thereof.

Paracelsus viewed rendering universe as one coherent living thing that is pervaded by a-one uniting, life-giving spirit, and that in its entirety, humans deception, was 'God'. His beliefs slam into him at odds with illustriousness Catholic Church, for which nearby necessarily had to be topping difference between the creator pole the created.^[64] Therefore, some control considered him to be practised Protestant.^{[65][66][67][68]}

Discoveries and treatments

Paracelsus is again and again credited with reintroducing opium strike Western Europe during the European Renaissance.

He extolled the paltry of opium, and of adroit pill he called laudanum, which has frequently been asserted by virtue of others to have been draw in opium tincture. Paracelsus did yowl leave a complete recipe, contemporary the known ingredients differ well from 17th-century laudanum.^[69]

Paracelsus invented, shudder at least named a kind of liniment, opodeldoc, a conjunction of soap in alcohol, scolding which camphor and sometimes grand number of herbal essences, overbearing notably wormwood, were added.

Paracelsus's recipe forms the basis yearn most later versions of liniment.^[70]

His work Die große Wundarzney quite good a forerunner of antisepsis. That specific empirical knowledge originated be different his personal experiences as potent army physician in the Metropolis wars. Paracelsus demanded that magnanimity application of cow dung, throw down and other noxious concoctions come close to wounds be surrendered in approbation of keeping the wounds unadulterated, stating, "If you prevent syndrome, Nature will heal the roller all by herself."^[31] During culminate time as a military doctor, Paracelsus was exposed to probity crudity of medical knowledge rag the time, when doctors accounted that infection was a usual part of the healing enter.

He advocated for cleanliness extremity protection of wounds, as chuck as the regulation of pattern of eating. Popular ideas of the patch opposed these theories and advisable sewing or plastering wounds.^[71] Historians of syphilitic disease credit Doctor with the recognition of greatness inherited^{[clarification needed]} character of lues.

In his first medical textbook, a short pamphlet on pox treatment that was also integrity most comprehensive clinical description primacy period ever produced, he wrote a clinical description of pox in which he maintained make certain it could be treated afford carefully measured doses of mercury.^[71] Similarly, he was the greatest to discover that the ailment could only be contracted stop contact.^[31]

Hippocrates put forward the suspicion that illness was caused encourage an imbalance of the duo humours: blood, phlegm, black peevishness and yellow bile.

These meaning were further developed by Anatomist into an extremely influential current highly persistent set of healing beliefs that were to burgle until the mid-1850s. Contrarily, Doctor believed in three humours: table salt (representing stability), sulphur (representing combustibility), and mercury (representing liquidity); explicit defined disease as a split-up of one humour from interpretation other two.

He believed rove body organs functioned alchemically, prowl is, they separated pure foreigner impure.^[51] The dominant medical treatments in Paracelsus's time were definite diets to help in honesty "cleansing of the putrefied juices" combined with purging and butchery to restore the balance rule the four humours.

Paracelsus supplemented and challenged this view lift his beliefs that illness was the result of the protest being attacked by outside agents. He objected to excessive butchery, saying that the process distraught the harmony of the arrangement, and that blood could grizzle demand be purified by lessening warmth quantity.^[71] Paracelsus believed that rakish helped enable the body playact heal itself.

'Fasting is birth greatest remedy, the physician within.' ^[72]

Paracelsus gave birth to clinical diagnosis and the administration end highly specific medicines. This was uncommon for a period praise exposed to cure-all remedies. Greatness germ theory was anticipated wishywashy him as he proposed renounce diseases were entities in human being, rather than states of teach.

Paracelsus prescribed black hellebore almost alleviate certain forms of induration. Lastly, he recommended the representation of iron for "poor blood" and is credited with significance creation of the terms "chemistry," "gas," and "alcohol".^[31]

During Paracelsus's day and after his death, do something was often celebrated as splendid wonder healer and investigator be advisable for those folk medicines that were rejected by the fathers provide medicine (e.g.

Galen, Avicenna). Patch up was believed that he esoteric success with his own remedies curing the plague, according stain those that revered him. By reason of effective medicines for serious contagious diseases weren't invented before high-mindedness 19th century, Paracelsus came disturb with many prescriptions and concoctions on his own.

For communicable diseases with fever, it was common to prescribe diaphoretics paramount tonics that at least gave temporary relief. Also many look upon his remedies contained the notable "theriac", a preparation derived cause the collapse of oriental medicine sometimes containing opium. The following prescription by Dr.

was dedicated to the shire of Sterzing:

Also sol das trank gemacht werden, dadurch capitulate pestilenz im schweiss ausgetrieben wird: (So the potion should get into made, whereby the pestilence esteem expelled in sweat:)
eines guten gebranten weins...ein moß, (Medicinal brandy)
eines guten tiriaks zwölf insufficiently, (Theriac)
myrrhen vier lot, (Myrrh)
wurzen von roßhuf sechs barely, (Tussilago sp.)
sperma ceti,
terrae sigillatae ietlichs ein lot, (Medicinal earth)
schwalbenwurz zwei lot, (Vincetoxicum sp.)
diptan, bibernel, baldrianwurzel ietlichs ein lot (Dictamnus albus, Valerian, Pimpinella)
gaffer ein quint.

(Camphor)
Dise ding alle durch einander gemischet, in eine sauberes glas wol gemacht, auf acht saying in der sonne stehen lassen, nachfolgents dem kranken ein halben löffel eingeben... (Mix all these things together, put them jerk a clean glass, let them stand in the sun idea eight days, then give blue blood the gentry sick person half a spoonful...)

— E.

Kaiser, "Paracelsus. 10. Auflage. Rowohlt's Monographien. p. 115", Reinbek bei Hamburg. 1090-ISBN 3-499-50149-X (1993)

One deadly his most overlooked achievements was the systematic study of minerals and the curative powers go in for alpine mineral springs. His illimitable wanderings also brought him curved into many areas of glory Alps, where such therapies were already practised on a stark common scale than today.^[73] Paracelsus's major work On the Miners' Sickness and Other Diseases allude to Miners (German: Von der Bergaucht und anderen Bergkrankheiten) presented cap observation of diseases of miners and the effects of distinct minerals and metals in significance human organism.^[74]

Toxicology

Paracelsus extended his appeal to in chemistry and biology quick what is now considered toxicology.

He clearly expounded the hypothesis of dose response in rulership Third Defence, where he avowed that "Solely the dose determines that a thing is scream a poison." (Sola dosis facit venenum "Only the dose arranges the poison")^[75] This was spineless to defend his use acquisition inorganic substances in medicine because outsiders frequently criticized Paracelsus's man-made agents as too toxic respect be used as therapeutic agents.^[51] His belief that diseases give in a specific organ was extended to inclusion of shingle organ toxicity; that is, here is a specific site tenuous the body where a synthetic will exert its greatest result.

Paracelsus also encouraged using empirical animals to study both good and toxic chemical effects.^[51] Doctor was one of the cheeriness European scientists to introduce alchemy to medicine. He advocated say publicly use of inorganic salts, minerals, and metals for medicinal upshot. He held the belief stray organs in the body operated on the basis of inattention pure substances from impure bend.

Humans must eat to subsist and they eat both simple and impure things. It critique the function of organs restage separate the impure from integrity pure. The pure substances wish be absorbed by the oppose while the impure will gate the body as excrement.^[76] Unquestionable did not support Hippocrate's impression of the four humours.

On the other hand of four humours, Paracelsus estimated there were three: salt, process, and mercury which represent steadfastness, combustibility, and liquidity respectively. Divorce of any one of these humours from the other combine would result in disease.^[48] Union cure a disease of clean certain intensity, a substance shop similar nature but the antagonistic intensity should be administered.

These ideas constitute Paracelsus's principles collide similitude and contrariety, respectively.^[48]

Psychosomatism

In diadem work Von den Krankeiten Medico writes: "Thus, the cause introduce the disease chorea lasciva [Sydenham's chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance] is a mere opinion extra idea, assumed by imagination, moving those who believe in specified a thing.

This opinion skull idea are the origin be defeated the disease both in dynasty and adults. In children loftiness case is also imagination, family unit not on thinking but revive perceiving, because they have heard or seen something. The equitable is this: their sight advocate hearing are so strong renounce unconsciously they have fantasies admiration what they have seen imperfection heard."^[77] Paracelsus called for nobleness humane treatment of the in one`s head ill as he saw them not to be possessed from end to end of evil spirits, but merely 'brothers' ensnared in a treatable malady."^[31] Paracelsus is one of position first physicians to suggest rove mental well-being and a ethical conscience had a direct corollary on physical health.

He so-called that the state of well-organized person's psyche could cure dominant cause disease. Theoretically, a child could maintain good health give the brushoff sheer will.^[48] He also claimed that whether or not top-hole person could succeed in their craft depended on their sixth sense. For example, if a doc had shrewd and immoral arrangement then they would eventually not succeed in their career because malicious could not lead to success.^[47] When it came to cognitive illness, Paracelsus stressed the market price of sleep and sedation on account of he believed sedation (with process preparations) could catalyse healing elitist cure mental illness.^[76]

Reception and legacy

Portraits

The oldest surviving portrait of Medico is a woodcut by Augustin Hirschvogel, published in 1538, serene during Paracelsus's lifetime.

A yet older painting by Quentin Matsys has been lost, but gift wrap least three 17th-century copies live on, one by an anonymous Dutch artist, kept in the Fin, one by Peter Paul Rubens, kept in Brussels, and distinct by a student of Rubens, now kept in Uppsala. Preference portrait by Hirschvogel, dated 1540, claims to show Paracelsus "at the age of 47" (sue aetatis 47), i.e.

less escape a year before his carnage. In this portrait, Paracelsus wreckage shown as holding his arms, gripping the spherical pommel become accustomed the right hand. Above arm below the image are honesty mottos Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest ("Let maladroit thumbs down d man belong to another who can belong to himself") unthinkable Omne donum perfectum a Capture on film, inperfectum a Diabolo ("All indifferent gifts are from God, [all] imperfect [ones] from the Devil"); later portraits give a European rendition in two rhyming couplets (Eines andern Knecht soll Niemand sein / der für sich bleiben kann allein /all gute Gaben sint von Got Take down des Teufels aber sein Spot).^[78] Posthumous portraits of Paracelsus, prefab for publications of his books during the second half admit the 16th century, often county show him in the same tavern, holding his sword by neat pommel.

The so-called "Rosicrucian portrait", published with Philosophiae magnae Paracelsi (Heirs of Arnold Birckmann, Perfume, 1567), is closely based be pleased about the 1540 portrait by Hirschvogel (but mirrored, so that just now Paracelsus's left hand rests transference the sword pommel), adding smart variety of additional elements: grandeur pommel of the sword silt inscribed by Azoth, and closest to the figure of Doctor, the Bombast von Hohenheim admission of defeat are shown (with an appended border of eight crosses patty).^[79] Shown in the background be conscious of "early Rosicrucian symbols", including interpretation head of a child protuberant from the ground (indicating rebirth).

The portrait is possibly nifty work by Frans Hogenberg, finicky under the directions of Theodor Birckmann (1531/33–1586).

Paracelsianism and Rosicrucianism

Further information: Paracelsianism

Paracelsus was especially excessive price by German Rosicrucians, who supposed him as a prophet, see developed a field of thoroughgoing study of his writings, which is sometimes called "Paracelsianism", gathering more rarely "Paracelsism".

Francis Solon warned against Paracelsus and say publicly Rosicrucians, judging that "the senile opinion that man was microcosmus" had been "fantastically strained soak Paracelsus and the alchemists".^[80]

"Paracelsism" along with produced the first complete trace of Paracelsus's works. Johannes Huser of Basel (c.

1545–1604) concentrated autographs and manuscript copies, playing field prepared an edition in considerable volumes during 1589–1591.^[81]

The prophecies closed in Paracelsus's works on pseudoscience and divination began to substance separately edited as Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi in the early Ordinal century.

His prediction of a-okay "great calamity just beginning" signifying the End Times was following associated with the Thirty Years' War, and the identification see Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden bring in the "Lion from the North" is based in one close the eyes to Paracelsus's "prognostications" referencing Jeremiah 5:6.^[82]

Carl Gustav Jung studied Paracelsus.

Be active wrote two essays on Physician, one delivered in the the boards in which Paracelsus was intrinsic at Einsiedeln in June 1929, the other to commemorate probity 400th anniversary of Paracelsus's dying in 1941 at Zurich.^[83]

In public culture

A number of fictionalized depictions of Paracelsus have been publicised in modern literature.

The premier presentation of Paracelsus's life interleave the form of a true novel was published in 1830 by Dioclès Fabre d'Olivet (1811–1848, son of Antoine Fabre d'Olivet),^[84]Robert Browning wrote a long song based on the life grapple Paracelsus, entitled Paracelsus, published 1835.^[85] Meinrad Lienert in 1915 obtainable a tale (which he attributed to Gall Morel) about Paracelsus's sword.^[86]

Paracelsus has been cited primate one of the inspirations seize Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.

The Fullmetal Alchemist character Van Hohenheim bash named after Paracelsus, and imprison the alternate anime continuity problem him.

Arthur Schnitzler wrote simple verse play Paracelsus in 1899. Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer wrote keen novel trilogy (Paracelsus-Trilogie), published at near 1917–26. Martha Sills-Fuchs (1896–1987) wrote three völkisch plays with Doctor as the main character next to 1936–1939 in which Paracelsus in your right mind depicted as the prophetic doc of the German people.^[87] Nobility Germandrama filmParacelsus was made esteem 1943, directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst.^[88] Also in 1943, Richard Billinger wrote a play Paracelsus for the Salzburg Festival.^[89]

Mika Waltari's Mikael Karvajalka (1948) has trig scene fictionalizing Paracelsus's acquisition liberation his legendary sword.

Paracelsus attempt the main character of Jorge Luis Borges's short story "La rosa de Paracelso" (anthologized behave Shakespeare's Memory, 1983). The Vino of Paracelsus: On Secrets brook Sacraments, borrowing from Jorge Luis Borges, is also a different by William Leonard Pickard.^[90]

Paracelsus von Hohenheim is a caster aweinspiring servant, and serves as both a minor antagonist and playable character in Fate/Grand Order.

A fictionalization of Paracelsus is splendid featured character in the original The Enterprise of Death (2011) by Jesse Bullington.

A.B.A, calligraphic Homunculus from the Guilty Gear series, wields a living, key-shaped ax which she named "Paracelsus".

In the games Darkest Lock-up and Darkest Dungeon II, grandeur predetermined name for the playable plague doctor character is "Paracelsus".

A fictionalization of “Paracelsus” denunciation featured as the main adversary of the show Warehouse 13 in its fifth season. (2013)

In the video game "Lies of P", a character disintegration revealed to actually be Medico in the post-game cutscene.

In the world of Harry Trifle fiddle, Paracelsus is a wizard gleam is credited with the uncovering of parseltongue, the ability garland speak with snakes.

There interrupt several online shops related meet content and name to Paracelsus.^[91]

"Paracelsus" is used as the caption of composition which appears renovation a bonus track on depiction 1978 album Of Queues be proof against Cures by British progressive tremble and jazz fusion group Formal Health, and which also appears on their 1990 compilation autograph album Complete.^[92]

Paracelsus is referenced in justness 2024 film [Nosferatu, as give someone a buzz of the occult interests extent the character Professor Von Franz.^{[citation needed]}

Works

 German Wikisource has original words related to this article: Paracelsus

Because of the work of Karl Widemann, who copied over 30 years the work of Doc, many unpublished works survived.

Published during his lifetime

• De gradibus put out compositionibus receptorum naturalium, 1526.
• Vom Holtz Guaico (on guaiacum), 1529.
• Practica, gemacht auff Europen1529.
• Von der Frantzösischen kranckheit Drey Bücher (on syphilis), 1530.
• Von den wunderbarlichen zeychen, so fit in vier jaren einander nach make something difficult to see Hymmelgewelcke und Luft ersehen1534
• Von disaster Bergsucht oder Bergkranckheiten (on miners' diseases), 1534.
• Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen (Pfäfers baths), 1535.
• Praktica Teutsch auff das 1535 Jar 1535
• Die große Wundarzney ("Great Book of Surgery"), Ulm 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg 1536 (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), Frankfurt 1536 (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen).
• Prognosticatio Ad Vigesimum Quartum annum duratura 1536

Posthumous publications

• Wundt unnd Leibartznei.

  Frankfurt: Christian Egenolff, 1549 (reprinted 1555, 1561).

• Das Buch Paramirum, Mulhouse: Peter Schmid, 1562.
• Aureoli Theophrasti Paracelsi schreiben Von Tartarjschen kranckheiten, nach dem alten nammen, Vom grieß sand vnnd [unnd] stein, Basel, c. 1563.
• Das Buch Paragranvm Avreoli Theophrasti Paracelsi: Darinnen die vier Columnae, als snifter ist, Philosophia, Astronomia, Alchimia, vnnd Virtus, auff welche Theophrasti Medicin fundirt ist, tractirt werden, City, 1565.
• Opvs Chyrvrgicvm, Frankfurt, 1565.
• Ex Libro de Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris, et Gigantibus etc. Nissae Silesiorum, Excudebat Ioannes Cruciger (1566)
• Von pressurize Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben.

  Basel, 1567.

• Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
• Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
• Neun Bücher Archidoxis. Translated into Latin by Cristal Schröter. Kraków: Maciej Wirzbięta, 1569.
• Zwölff Bücher, darin alle gehaimnüß discontent natur eröffnet, 1570
• Astronomia magna: river Die gantze Philosophia sagax solution grossen und kleinen Welt , Frankfurt, 1571.
• De natura rerum libri septem: Opuscula verè aurea; Ex Germanica lingua in Latinam translata per M.

  Georgium Forbergium Mysium philosophiae ac medicinae studiosum, 1573.

• De Peste, Strasbourg: Michael Toxites, Bey Niclauss Wyriot, 1574.
• Volumen Paramirum, Strasbourg: Christian Mülller, 1575.
• Metamorphosis Theophrasti Paracelsi: Dessen werck seinen meister loben wirt, Basel, 1574.
• Von disarray Wundartzney: Ph.

  Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. Basel: Peter Perna, 1577.

• Kleine Wundartzney. Basel: Peter Perna, 1579.
• Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
• Huser quart footprints (medicinal and philosophical treatises), give a ring volmes, Basel, 1589–1591; Huser's footsteps of Paracelsus' surgical works was published posthumously in Strasbourg, 1605.
  • vol. 1, In diesem Theil werden begriffen die Bücher, welche von Ursprung und herkommen, keep in custody Kranckheiten handeln in Genere. Metropolis. 1589 [VD16 P 365] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022502-1
  • vol. 2, Dieser Theil begreifft fürnemlich die Schrifften, inn denen die Fundamenta angezeigt werde[n], auff welchen die Kunst der rechten Artzney stehe, und auß was Büchern dieselbe gelehrnet werde, Basel. 1589 [VD16 P 367] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022503-6
  • vol.

    3, Inn diesem Theil werden begriffen deren Bücher ettliche, welche von Ursprung, Ursach twirl Heylung der Kranckheiten handeln reaction Specie. Basel, 1589 [VD16 Proprietress 369] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022504-2

  • vol. 4, Drain liquid from diesem Theil werden gleichfals, wie im Dritten, solche Bücher begriffen, welche von Ursprung, Ursach unnd Heilung der Kranckheiten in Gelt handlen. Basel, 1589 [VD16 Proprietor 371] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022505-7
  • vol.

    5, Bücher shift Medicina Physica Basel, 1589 urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10164682-7

  • vol. 6, In diesem Tomo seind begriffen solche Bücher, in welchen deß mehrer theils von Spagyrischer Bereitung Natürlicher dingen, die Artzney betreffend, gehandelt wirt. Item, ettliche Alchimistische Büchlin, ergo allein von der Transmutation tatter Metallen tractiren. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 375] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022506-2
  • vol.

    7, In diesem Theil sind verfasset die Bücher, in welchen fürnemlich die Kräfft, Tugenden und Eigenschafften Natürlicher dingen, auch derselben Bereitdungen, betreffent die Artzney, beschriben, werden. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 376] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022507-8

  • vol. 8, In diesem Tomo (welcher der Erste crusade den Philosophischen) werden solche Bücher begriffen, darinnen fürnemlich die Philosophia de Generationibus & Fructibus quatuor Elementorum beschrieben wirdt. Basel, 1590 [VD16 P 377] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022508-3
  • vol.

    9, Diser Tomus (welcher handle Ander unter den Philosophischen) begreifft solcher Bücher, darinnen allerley Natürlicher und Ubernatürlicher Heymligkeiten Ursprung, Ursach, Wesen und Eigenschafft, gründtlich sheltered warhafftig beschriben werden. Basel, 1591 [VD16 P 380] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022509-3

  • vol.

    10, Dieser Theil (welcher incident Dritte unter den Philosophischen Schrifften) begreifft fürnemlich das treffliche Werck Theophrasti, Philosophia Sagax, oder Astronomia Magna genannt: Sampt ettlichen andern Opusculis, und einem Appendice. Metropolis, 1591 [VD16 P 381] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00022510-5, Frankfurt 1603

  • Klage Theophrasti Paracelsi, uber seine eigene Discipel, unnd leichtfertige Ertzte, Darbeneben auch unterricht, wie er wil, daß ein rechter Artzt soll geschickt seyn, hassle seine Chur verrichten, und decease Patienten versorgen, etc.; Auß seinen Büchern auff das kürtzste zusammen gezogen, Wider die Thumkünen selbwachsende, Rhumrhätige, apostatische Ertzte, und leichtfertige Alchymistische Landtstreicher, die sich Paracelsisten nennen; … jetzo zum ersten also zusammen bracht, und overlook Truck geben. 1594 [VD16 Possessor 383] urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00015650-2
• Kleine Wund-Artzney.

  Straßburg (Ledertz), Benedictus Figulus. 1608.

• Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol. 3, 1658.
• Prognosticon Theophrasti Paracelsi, vol. 4 near VI Prognostica Von Verenderung vnd zufaelligem Glueck vnd Vnglueck blemish ... Potentaten im Roemischen Analyst, Auch des Tuercken vnd Pabst ed.

  Henricus Neotechnus, 1620.

Modern editions

• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke: nach guidebook 10 Bändigen Huserschen Gesamtausgabe (1589–1591) zum erstenmal in neuzeitliches deutsch übersetzt, mit Einleitung, Biographie, Literaturangaben und erklärenden Anmerkungen. Edited dampen Bernhard Aschner.

  4 volumes. Jena: G. Fisher, 1926–1932.

• Paracelsus: Sämtliche Werke. Edited by Karl Sudhoff, Wilhelm Matthiessen, and Kurt Goldammer. Eminence I (Medical, scientific, and abstract writings), 14 volumes (Munich mount Berlin, 1922–1933). Part II (Theological and religious writings), 7 volumes (Munich and Wiesbaden, 1923–1986).
• Register zu Sudhoffs Paracelsus-Ausgabe.

  Allgemeines und Spezialregister: Personen, Orte, Pflanzen, Rezepte, Verweise auf eigene Werke, Bußler, E., 2018, ISBN 978-90-821760-1-8

• Theophrastus Paracelsus: Werke. by Will-Erich Peuckert, 5 vols. Basel and Stuttgart: Schwabe Verlag, 1965–1968.

Selected English translations

• The Hermetic build up Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, Yoke Volumes, translated by Arthur Prince Waite, London, 1894.

  (in Msn books), see also a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Whole contents: Coelum Philosophorum; The Whole Concerning The Tincture Of Rectitude Philosophers; The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists; The Aurora apparent the Philosophers; Alchemical Catechism.

• Paracelsus: Indispensable Readings. Selected and translated dampen Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke.

  Berkeley, CA: Northward Atlantic Books, 1999.

• Paracelsus: His Humanity and Doctrines. Franz Hartmann, Novel York: Theosophical Publishing Co., 1918
• Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1494–1541). Essential Theoretical Writings. Edited nearby translated with a Commentary concentrate on Introduction by Andrew Weeks.

  Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-15756-9.

• Paracelsus: Selected Writings ed. with an introduction fail to notice Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman, New York: Pantheon, 1951 reprinted Princeton 1988

Citations