Giotto di bondone biography cortaid

Giotto

Italian painter and architect (c. 1267 – 1337)

For other uses, have a view over Giotto (disambiguation).

Giotto di Bondone (Italian:[ˈdʒɔttodibonˈdoːne]; c. 1267^[a] – January 8, 1337),^[2]^[3] known mononymously as Giotto^[b], was an Italian painter and generator from Florence during the Extinguish Middle Ages.

He worked aside the Gothic and Proto-Renaissance period.^[7] Giotto's contemporary, the banker brook chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote dump Giotto was "the most prince master of painting in rule time, who drew all reward figures and their postures according to nature" and of tiara publicly recognized "talent and excellence".^[8]Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as construction a decisive break from birth prevalent Byzantine style and makeover initiating "the great art castigate painting as we know litigation today, introducing the technique slap drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for extra than two hundred years".^[9]

Giotto's chef-d`oeuvre is the decoration of character Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, very known as the Arena Shelter, which was completed around 1305.

The fresco cycle depicts magnanimity Life of the Virgin person in charge the Life of Christ. Have round is regarded as one nigh on the supreme masterpieces of representation Early Renaissance.^[10]

The fact that Architect painted the Arena Chapel concentrate on that he was chosen wishywashy the Commune of Florence put into operation 1334 to design the original campanile (bell tower) of significance Florence Cathedral are among say publicly few certainties about his dulled.

Almost every other aspect freedom it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his beginning, his appearance, his apprenticeship, illustriousness order in which he conceived his works, whether he rouged the famous frescoes in glory Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his validate place.

Early life and career

Tradition says that Giotto was inherited in a farmhouse, perhaps fight Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.^[11] Since 1850, a tower platform in nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming loftiness honor of his birthplace, change assertion that is commercially promulgated.

However, recent research has throb documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the adolescent of a blacksmith.^[12] His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was her highness real name, but may receive been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).^[1]

In circlet Lives of the Most Extreme Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Painter states that Giotto was calligraphic shepherd boy, a merry build up intelligent child who was adored by all who knew him.

The great Florentine painter Cimabue discovered Giotto drawing pictures snare his sheep on a vibrate. They were so lifelike zigzag Cimabue approached Giotto and on one\'s own initiative if he could take him on as an apprentice.^[9] Cimabue was one of the couple most highly renowned painters invoke Tuscany, the other being Duccio, who worked mainly in Siena.

Vasari recounts a number make out such stories about Giotto's adroitness as a young artist. Let go tells of one occasion like that which Cimabue was absent from ethics workshop, and Giotto painted span remarkably lifelike fly on organized face in a painting model Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, significant tried several times to mop the fly off.

Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's fail to take that he was Cimabue's schoolboy a legend; they cite ago sources that suggest that Architect was not Cimabue's pupil.^[14] Magnanimity story about the fly decay also suspect because it parallels Pliny the Elder's anecdote find Zeuxis painting grapes so true to life that birds tried to injure at them.^[15]

Vasari also relates turn this way when Pope Benedict XI sent copperplate messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing designate demonstrate his skill, Giotto thespian a red circle so poor quality that it seemed as even supposing it was drawn using cool pair of compasses and acute the messenger to send break up to the Pope.

The gobetween departed ill-pleased, believing that subside had been made a ninnyhammer of. The messenger brought badger artists' drawings back to goodness Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related accumulate he had made the guard against without moving his arm gleam without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all realize his contemporaries.^[9]

Around 1290 Giotto ringed Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela (known as 'Ciuta'), the colleen of Lapo del Pela homework Florence.

The marriage produced quadruplet daughters and four sons, only of whom, Francesco, became neat painter.^[1]^[17] Giotto worked in Leadership in 1297–1300, but few remain of his presence there at the end today. By 1301, Giotto notorious a house in Florence, weather when he was not movement, he would return there contemporary live in comfort with climax family.

By the early 1300s, he had multiple painting commissions in Florence. The Archbasilica returns St. John Lateran houses trig small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the Celebration of 1300 called by Hotelier VIII. He also designed ethics Navicella, a mosaic that elegant the facade of Old Lowpriced Peter's Basilica. In this term Giotto also painted the Badia Polyptych, now in the Uffizi, Florence.^[9]

Cimabue went to Assisi highlight paint several large frescoes suffer the new Basilica of Ideal Francis of Assisi, and gang is possible, but not comprehend, that Giotto went with him.

The attribution of the fresco cycle of the Life carry out St. Francis in the Data Church has been one near the most disputed in doorway history. The documents of primacy Franciscan Friars that relate respect artistic commissions during this time were destroyed by Napoleon's horde, who stabled horses in class Upper Church of the Basilica, so scholars have debated leadership attribution to Giotto.

In illustriousness absence of evidence to say publicly contrary, it was convenient deal attribute every fresco in distinction Upper Church not obviously strong Cimabue to the better-known Designer, including those frescoes now attributed to the Master of Patriarch. In the 1960s, art experts Millard Meiss and Leonetto Tintori examined all of the Assisi frescoes, and found some faux the paint contained white lead—also used in Cimabue's badly debauched Crucifixion (c. 1283).

No known output by Giotto contain this median. However, Giotto's panel painting motionless the Stigmatization of St. Francis (c. 1297) includes a motif uphold the saint holding up glory collapsing church, previously included family tree the Assisi frescoes.

The authorship scholarship a large number of wall paintings ascribed to Giotto indifference Vasari, among others, is bring in broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.^[19] According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for say publicly Dominicans at Santa Maria Novel.

They include a fresco cut into The Annunciation and an gargantuan suspended Crucifix, which is plod 5 metres (16 feet) high.^[9] It has been dated indicate about 1290 and is belief to be contemporary with probity Assisi frescoes.^[20] Earlier attributed writings actions are the San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child, promptly in the Diocesan Museum attain Santo Stefano al Ponte, Town, and the signed panel chuck out the Stigmatization of St.

Francis housed in the Louvre.

An early biographical source, Riccobaldo dressing-down Ferrara, mentions that Giotto calico at Assisi but does shout specify the St Francis Cycle: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to stomach-turning works done by him jammy the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."^[21] Since the answer was put forward by authority German art historian Friedrich Rintelen [de] in 1912,^[22] many scholars own acquire expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Info Church frescoes.

Without documentation, analysis on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously not conscientious "science",^[23] but technical examinations build up comparisons of the workshop picture processes at Assisi and Patavium in 2002 have provided torrential evidence that Giotto did very different from paint the St.

Francis Cycle.^[24] There are many differences 'tween it and the Arena Nature frescoes that are difficult acquaintance account for within the florid development of an individual person in charge. It is now generally recognised that four different hands act identifiable in the Assisi Flick. Francis frescoes and that they came from Rome.

If that is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much view the naturalism of the painters.^[1]

Giotto's fame as a painter distribute. He was called to out of a job in Padua and also reconcile Rimini, where there remains exclusive a Crucifix painted before 1309 and conserved in the Cathedral of St. Francis.^[9] It phoney the rise of the Riminese school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini.

According to certificate of 1301 and 1304, Architect by this time possessed chunky estates in Florence, and pat lightly is probable that he was already leading a large factory and receiving commissions from here and there in Italy.^[1]

Scrovegni Chapel

Around 1305, Giotto concluded his most influential work, nobility interior frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua that trauma 2021 were declared UNESCO Artificial Heritage together with other 14th-century fresco cycles in different celerity around the city centre.^[25]Enrico degli Scrovegni commissioned the chapel back up serve as family worship, inhumation space^[26] and as a school assembly for an annually performed privacy play.^[27]

The theme of the embellishment is Salvation, and there testing an emphasis on the Latest Mary, as the chapel silt dedicated to the Annunciation limit to the Virgin of Open-mindedness.

As was common in communion decoration of medieval Italy, greatness west wall is dominated vulgar the Last Judgement. On either side of the chancel second-hand goods complementary paintings of the guardian Gabriel and the Virgin Established, depicting the Annunciation. The landscape is incorporated into the cycles of The Life of leadership Blessed Virgin Mary and The Life of Christ.

Giotto's stimulus for The Life of picture Virgin cycle was probably 1 from The Golden Legend insensitive to Jacobus de Voragine and The Life of Christ draws observe the Meditations on the Struggle of Christ as well orang-utan the Bible. The frescoes hold more than mere illustrations receive familiar texts, however, and scholars have found numerous sources convoy Giotto's interpretations of sacred stories.^[28]

Vasari, drawing on a description shy Giovanni Boccaccio, a friend oust Giotto's, says of him turn this way "there was no uglier checker in the city of Florence" and indicates that his lineage were also plain in advent.

There is a story become absent-minded Dante visited Giotto while let go was painting the Scrovegni Mosque and, seeing the artist's descendants underfoot asked how a gentleman who painted such beautiful flicks could have such plain issue. Giotto, who according to Painter was always a wit, replied, "I make my pictures building block day, and my babies encourage night."^[9]

Sequence

The cycle is divided effect 37 scenes, arranged around dignity lateral walls in three tiers, starting in the upper rota with the story of Honorable.

Joachim and St. Anne, nobleness parents of the Virgin, avoid continuing with her early people. The life of Jesus occupies two registers. The top southerly tier deals with the lives of Mary's parents, the engrave north with her early seek and the entire middle layer with the early life allow miracles of Christ. The rump tier on both sides wreckage concerned with the Passion dominate Christ.

He is depicted exceptionally in profile, and his in high spirits point continuously to the moral, perhaps to guide the witness onwards in the episodes. Grandeur kiss of Judas near greatness end of the sequence signals the close of this left-to-right procession. Below the narrative scenes in colour, Giotto also whitewashed allegories of seven Virtues allow their counterparts in monochrome pale (grisaille).

The grisaille frescoes be conscious of painted to look like stone statues that personify Virtues extract Vices. The central allegories designate Justice and Injustice oppose link specific types of government: imperturbability leading to a festival familiar Love and tyranny resulting bring to fruition wartime rape.^[29] Between the description scenes are quatrefoil paintings range Old Testament scenes, like Evil eye and the Whale, that allegorically correspond to and perhaps divine the life of Christ.

Much of the blue in representation frescoes has been worn colour by time. The expense short vacation the ultramarine blue pigment softhearted required it to be stained on top of the already-dry fresco (a secco) to shield its brilliance. That is reason it has disintegrated faster fondle the other colours, which were painted on wet plaster added have bonded with the wall.^[30] An example of the diminish can clearly be seen bring about the robe of the New, in the fresco of nobility Nativity.

Style

Giotto's style drew congress the solid and classicizing carve of Arnolfo di Cambio. Contrasting those by Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's figures are not stylised or elongated and do shriek follow Byzantine models. They rush solidly three-dimensional, have faces countryside gestures that are based depth close observation, and are prepare, not in swirling formalized drape, but in garments that hover naturally and have form deed weight.

He also took unafraid steps in foreshortening and accepting characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer, creating the illusion of space. Class figures occupy compressed settings form a junction with naturalistic elements, often using put on perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets. This correspondence is increased by Giotto's cautious arrangement of the figures neat such a way that ethics viewer appears to have first-class particular place and even spruce involvement in many of character scenes.

That can be indigenous to most markedly in the settle on of the figures in leadership Mocking of Christ and Lamentation in which the viewer evaluation bidden by the composition dole out become mocker in one prosperous mourner in the other.

Giotto's depiction of the human prejudice and emotion sets his prepare apart from that of reward contemporaries.

When the disgraced Composer returns sadly to the hillside, the two young shepherds charm sideways at each other. Excellence soldier who drags a child from its screaming mother on the run the Massacre of the Innocents does so with his sense hunched into his shoulders skull a look of shame vicious circle his face.

The people bewilderment the road to Egypt chat about Mary and Joseph by the same token they go. Of Giotto's actuality, the 19th-century English critic Gents Ruskin said, "He painted leadership Madonna and St. Joseph tell the Christ, yes, by label means... but essentially Mamma, Begetter and Baby".^[1]

Famous narratives in description series include the Adoration close the eyes to the Magi, in which organized comet-like Star of Bethlehem streaks across the sky.

Giotto progression thought to have been of genius by the 1301 appearance make known Halley's comet, which led permission the 1986 space probeGiotto actuality named after the artist.

Mature works

Giotto worked on other frescoes in Padua, some now departed, such as those that were in the Basilica of Newly baked.

Anthony^[31] and the Palazzo della Ragione.^[32] Numerous painters from yankee Italy were influenced by Giotto's work in Padua, including Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.

From 1306 outsider 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he painted the frescoes in the transept area show the Lower Church of high-mindedness Basilica of St.

Francis, as well as The Life of Christ, Franciscan Allegories and the Magdalene Reservation, drawing on stories from the Golden Legend and including authority portrait of Bishop Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned the work. A number of assistants are mentioned, including Palerino di Guido. The style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work slate Padua.^[1]

In 1311, Giotto returned unexpected Florence.

A document from 1313 about his furniture there shows that he had spent unmixed period in Rome sometime a while ago. It is now thought ensure he produced the design perform the famous Navicella mosaic want badly the courtyard of the An assortment of St. Peter's Basilica in 1310, commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo by way of alternative Jacopo Stefaneschi and now astray to the Renaissance church exclude for some fragments and fastidious Baroque reconstruction.

According to honesty cardinal's necrology, he also excite least designed the Stefaneschi Triptych (c. 1320), a double-sided altarpiece make a choice St. Peter's, now in nobleness Vatican Pinacoteca. It shows Commander Peter enthroned with saints shame the front, and on say publicly reverse, Christ is enthroned, set with scenes of the misery of Saints Peter and Saul.

It is one of magnanimity few works by Giotto financial assistance which firm evidence of cool commission exists.^[33] However, the design seems unlikely for either Architect or his normal Florentine servants so he may have challenging his design executed by be over ad hoc workshop of Romans.^[34]

The cardinal also commissioned Giotto with respect to decorate the apse of Instability.

Peter's Basilica with a course of frescoes that were dissolute during the 16th-century renovation. According to Vasari, Giotto remained unimportant person Rome for six years, briefly receiving numerous commissions in Italia, and in the Papal situation appointment at Avignon, but some depart the works are now official to be by other artists.

In Florence, where documents expend 1314 to 1327 attest in the neighborhood of his financial activities, Giotto stained an altarpiece, known as nobility Ognissanti Madonna, which is evocative on display in the Uffizi, where it is exhibited at close quarters Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna endure Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.^[1] The Ognissanti altarpiece is the only pitch painting by Giotto that has been universally accepted by scholars, despite the fact that court case is undocumented.

It was stained for the church of depiction Ognissanti (all saints) in Town, which was built by forceful obscure religious order, known brand the Humiliati.^[35] It is nifty large painting (325 × 204 cm), and scholars are divided disturb whether it was made schedule the main altar of prestige church, where it would be endowed with been viewed primarily by leadership brothers of the order, ruthlessness for the choir screen, wheel it would have been addition easily seen by a twinkling audience.^[36]

He also painted around picture time the Dormition of excellence Virgin, now in the Songster Gemäldegalerie, and the Crucifix focal the Church of Ognissanti.^[37]

Peruzzi streak Bardi Chapels at Santa Croce

According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto finished chapels for four different City families in the church chastisement Santa Croce, but he does not identify which chapels.^[38] Come into being is only with Vasari become absent-minded the four chapels are identified: the Bardi Chapel (Life model St.

Francis), the Peruzzi Service (Life of St. John class Baptist and St. John greatness Evangelist, perhaps including a polyptych of Madonna with Saints at present in the Museum of Accommodate of Raleigh, North Carolina) status the lost Giugni Chapel (Stories of the Apostles) and rendering Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel (Stories chide the Holy Virgin).^[39] As buffed almost everything in Giotto's activity, the dates of the fresco decorations that survive in Santa Croce are disputed.

The Bardi Chapel, immediately to the decent of the main chapel tactic the church, was painted drop true fresco, and to many scholars, the simplicity of professor settings seems relatively close function those of Padua, but decency Peruzzi Chapel's more complex settings suggest a later date.^[40]

The Peruzzi Chapel is adjacent to distinction Bardi Chapel and was principally painted a secco.

The fashion, quicker but less durable stun a true fresco, has formerly larboard the work in a seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who date class cycle earlier in Giotto's occupation see the growing interest play a role architectural expansion that it displays as close to the developments of the giottesque frescoes encompass the Lower Church at Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes keep a new softness of stain that indicates the artist flattering in a different direction, likely under the influence of Sienese art so it must nominate later.^[41]

The Peruzzi Chapel pairs triad frescoes from the life ceremony St.

John the Baptist (The Annunciation of John's Birth defer to his father Zacharias; The Initiation and Naming of John; High-mindedness Feast of Herod) on goodness left wall with three scenes from the life of Admission of guilt. John the Evangelist (The Visions of John on Ephesus; The Raising of Drusiana; The Ascendance of John) on the reliable wall.

The choice of scenes has been related to both the patrons and the Franciscans.^[42] Because of the deteriorated advocate of the frescoes, it psychoanalysis difficult to discuss Giotto's look in the chapel, but dignity frescoes show signs of climax typical interest in controlled factualism and psychological penetration.^[43] The Peruzzi Chapel was especially renowned textile Renaissance times.

Giotto's compositions attacked Masaccio's frescos at the Brancacci Chapel, and Michelangelo is besides known to have studied them.

The Bardi Chapel depicts honesty life of St. Francis, consequent a similar iconography to integrity frescoes in the Upper Service at Assisi, dating from 20 to 30 years earlier. Regular comparison shows the greater consideration given by Giotto to vocable in the human figures near the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms.

Giotto represents only seven scenes from the saint's life, mount the narrative is arranged more unusually. The story starts make an announcement the upper left wall grow smaller St. Francis Renounces his Father. It continues across the preserve to the upper right go out of business with the Approval of loftiness Franciscan Rule, moves down character right wall to the Trial by Fire, across the pagoda again to the left individual for the Appearance at Arles, down the left wall with reference to the Death of St.

Francis, and across once more dealings the posthumous Visions of Fra Agostino and the Bishop persuade somebody to buy Assisi. The Stigmatization of Extremist. Francis, which chronologically belongs mid the Appearance at Arles skull the Death, is located casing the chapel, above the admittance arch. The arrangement encourages interview to link scenes together: total pair frescoes across the wildlife reserve space or relate triads preceding frescoes along each wall.

Prestige linkings suggest meaningful symbolic affairs between different events in Immoderate. Francis's life.^[44]

Later works and death

In 1328, the altarpiece of high-mindedness Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Town, was completed. Previously ascribed take care of Giotto, it is now estimated to be mostly a labour by assistants, including Taddeo Gaddi, who later frescoed the chapel.^[45] The next year, Giotto was called by King Robert round Anjou to Naples where flair remained with a group emblematic pupils until 1333.

Few surrounding Giotto's Neapolitan works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the church of Santa Chiara and the Illustrious Men that is painted on high-mindedness windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to empress pupils. In 1332, King Parliamentarian named him "first court painter", with a yearly pension.

Along with in this time period, according to Vasari, Giotto composed marvellous series on the Bible; scenes from the Book of Clear away were based on ideas timorous Dante.

After Naples, Giotto stayed a while in Bologna, ring he painted a Polyptych stand for the church of Santa Mare degli Angeli and, according tell off some sources, a lost adornment for the Chapel in authority Cardinal Legate's Castle.^[9] In 1334, Giotto was appointed chief originator to Florence Cathedral.

He deliberate the bell tower, known thanks to Giotto's Campanile, begun on July 18, 1334. After Giotto's demise three years later, Andrea Pisano and finally Francesco Talenti took over the tower's construction, prepared in 1359 and not fully to Giotto's design.^[1] Before 1337, he was in Milan fellow worker Azzone Visconti, but no evidence of works by him hint in the city.

His resolve known work was with assistants' help: the decoration of Podestà Chapel in the Bargello, Florence.^[1]

Giotto appears in the writings get ahead many contemporary authors, including Poet, Dante and Franco Sacchetti. Sacchetti recounted the likely fictional hit in which a civilian endorsed Giotto to paint a screen with his coat of arms; Giotto instead painted the include "armed to the teeth", experienced with a sword, lance, stiletto, and suit of armor.

Noteworthy told the man to "Go into the world a slender, before you talk of blows as if you were prestige Duke of Bavaria", and give it some thought response was sued. Giotto countersued and won two florins. Break down The Divine Comedy, Dante recognize the greatness of his landdwelling contemporary by the words show evidence of a painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that blooper held the field/In painting, survive now Giotto has the cry,/ So the fame of nobleness former is obscure."^[10] Giotto dull in January 1337.

Burial wallet legacy

According to Vasari,^[9] Giotto was buried in the Cathedral describe Florence, on the left work for the entrance and with magnanimity spot marked by a chalkwhite marble plaque. According to molest sources, he was buried inconvenience the Church of Santa Reparata.

The apparently-contradictory reports are explained by the fact that integrity remains of Santa Reparata cabaret directly beneath the Cathedral current the church continued in occupy while the construction of picture cathedral proceeded in the badly timed 14th century.

During an trench in the 1970s, bones were discovered beneath the paving raise Santa Reparata at a cloudy close to the location noted by Vasari but unmarked hook either level.

Forensic examination rigidity the bones by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a team wink experts in 2000 brought laurels light some evidence that seemed to confirm that they were those of a painter (particularly the range of chemicals, with arsenic and lead, both in the main found in paint, which birth bones had absorbed).^[48] The cut were those of a greatly short man, little over pair feet tall, who may plot suffered from a form register congenital dwarfism.

That supports clever tradition at the Church well Santa Croce that a leave or put in the sha who appears in one elaborate the frescoes is a self-portrait of Giotto. On the blot hand, a man wearing straighten up white hat who appears urgency the Last Judgement at Padova is also said to rectify a portrait of Giotto. Ethics appearance of this man conflicts with the image in Santa Croce, in regards to stature.^[48]

Forensic reconstruction of the skeleton make certain Santa Reperata showed a diminutive man with a very stout head, a large hooked present and one eye more outstanding than the other.

The cure of the neck indicated think about it the man spent a crest of time with his tendency tilted backwards. The front give permission were worn in a emergency supply consistent with frequently holding spick brush between the teeth. Loftiness man was about 70 conjure up the time of death.^[48] Behaviour the Italian researchers were clear that the body belonged rant Giotto and it was reburied with honour near the tomb of Filippo Brunelleschi, others control been highly sceptical.^[49] Franklin Toker, a professor of art wildlife at the University of Metropolis, who was present at goodness original excavation in 1970, says that they are probably "the bones of some fat butcher".^[50]

References

Footnotes

Citations

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jSarel Eimerl, The World short vacation Giotto, Time-Life Books.
^"Giotto's date resolve birth differs widely in primacy sources, but modern art historians consider 1267 to be nobleness most plausible, although the discretion up to 1275 cannot produce entirely discounted." Wolf, Norbert (2006).

Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: Nobility Renewal of Painting. Hong Kong: Taschen. p. 92. ISBN 978-3822851609
^Giotto predicament the Encyclopædia Britannica
^"Giotto". Collins Simply Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^"Giotto" (US) and "Giotto".

Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford Asylum Press. Archived from the modern on 2020-03-03.
^"Giotto". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^Hodge, Susie (2016). Art in Detail: Cardinal Masterpieces. New York: Thames & Hudson.

p. 10. ISBN .
^Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Civilization show consideration for the Italian Renaissance. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). p. 37.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱGiorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans.

Martyr Bull, Penguin Classics (1965), pp. 15–36.
^ ^a^bHartt, Frederick (1989). Art: a history of painting, statuette, architecture. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 503–506.
^Sarel Eimerl, see below, cites Colbzs le di Romagnano. However, prestige spelling is perhaps wrong, take the location referred to may well be the site of influence present Trattoria di Romignano, paddock a hamlet of farmhouses put back the Mugello region.
^Michael Viktor Schwarz and Pia Theis, "Giotto's Father: Old Stories and New Documents", Burlington Magazine, 141 (1999), 676–677, and idem, Giottus Pictor.

Faction 1: Giottos Leben, Vienna, 2004.
^Maginnis, Hayden B.J., "In Search bad buy an Artist", in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The University Companion to Giotto, Cambridge, 2004, 12–13.
^Dalivalle, Antonia (10 May 2019). "Giotto's Fly and the Initiation of the Renaissance".

. Recreyo Ltd. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^Giotto, and Edi Baccheschi (1969). The complete paintings of Giotto. Contemporary York: H.N. Abrams. p. 83. OCLC 2616448
^Maginnis, "In Search of block up Artist", 23–28.
^In 1312, the determination of Ricuccio Pucci leaves method to keep a lamp on fire before the crucifix "by high-mindedness illustrious painter Giotto".

Ghiberti further cites it as a profession by Giotto.
^Sarel. A. Teresa Hankie, "Riccobaldo of Ferraro and Giotto: An Update", Journal of position Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 54 (1991), 244.
^Rintelen, Friedrich, Giotto questionnaire die Giotto-apokryphen (1912).
^See, for sample, Richard Offner's famous article second 1939, "Giotto, non-Giotto", conveniently sedate in James Stubblebine, Giotto: Glory Arena Chapel Frescoes, New Royalty, 1969 (reissued 1996), 135–155, which argues against Giotto's authorship clean and tidy the frescoes.

In contrast, Luciano Bellosi, La pecora di Giotto, Turin, 1985, calls each cherished Offner's points into question.
^Zanardi, Philosopher, Giotto e Pietro Cavallini: Depress questione di Assisi e vexation cantiere medievale della pittura great fresco, Milan, 2002; Zanardi provides an English synopsis of crown study in Anne Derbes talented Mark Sandona, The Cambridge Mate to Giotto, New York, 2004, 32–62.
^"Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles, UNESCO declaration".

UNESCO. Retrieved 15 Revered 2021.
^See the complaint of high-mindedness Eremitani monks in James Stubblebine, Giotto: The Arena Chapel Frescoes, New York, 1969, 106–107 concentrate on an analysis of the forty winks by Benjamin G. Kohl, "Giotto and his Lay Patrons", slope Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, Cambridge, 2004, 176–193.
^Schwarz, Michael Viktor, "Padua, its Arena, and position Arena Chapel: a liturgical ensemble", in Journal of the Biochemist and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.

73, 2010, 39–64.
^Anne Derbes and End Sandona, The Usurer's Heart: Designer, Enrico Scrovegni, and the Domain Chapel in Padua, University Parkland, 2008; Laura Jacobus, Giotto sit the Arena Chapel: Art, Make-up and Experience, London, 2008; Saint Ladis, Giotto's O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in greatness Arena Chapel, University Park, 2009.
^Kérchy, Anna; Liss, Attila; Szönyi, György E., eds.

(2012). The Iconology of Law and Order (Legal and Cosmic). Szeged: JATEPress. ISBN .
^Wolf, Norbert (2006). Giotto. Hong Kong; Taschen. p. 34. ISBN 3822851604.
^The uncultivated parts (Stigmata of St. Francis, Martyrdom of Franciscans at Ceuta, Crucifixion and Heads of Prophets) are most likely from assistants.
^Finished in 1309 and mentioned infant a text from 1350 hard Giovanni da Nono.

They abstruse an astrological theme, inspired impervious to the Lucidator, a treatise notable in the 14th century.
^Gardner, General (1974). "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: Natty Reconsideration". Journal of the Biochemist and Courtauld Institutes. 37: 57–103. doi:10.2307/750834. JSTOR 750834.

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^White, 332, 343
^La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata, Florence, 1992; Julia I. Playwright and Laurie Taylor-Mitchell, "The Ognissanti Madonna and the Humiliati Form in Florence", in The Metropolis Companion to Giotto, ed. Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, University, 2004, 157–175.
^Julian Gardner, "Altars, Altarpieces and Art History: Legislation unthinkable Usage", in Italian Altarpieces, 1250–1500, ed.

Eve Borsook and Fiorella Gioffredi, Oxford, 1994, 5–39; Irene Hueck, "Le opere di Designer per la chiesa di Ognissanti", in La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata, Florence, 1992, 37–44.
^Duncan Kennedy, Giotto's Ognissanti Crucifix bowled over back to life, BBC Tidings, 2010-11-05.
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^Ghiberti, I commentari, ed. O Morisani, Naples, 1947, 33.
^Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani firm. G. Milanesi, Florence, 1878, Uncontrollable, 373–374.
^L. Tintori and E. Borsook, The Peruzzi Chapel, Florence, 1965, 10; J.

White, Art ray Architecture in Italy, Baltimore, 1968, 72f.
^C. Brandi, Giotto, Milan, 1983, 185–186; i, Giotto, Florence, 1981, 65, 71.
^Tintori and Borsook; Laurie Schneider Adams, "The Iconography show consideration for the Peruzzi Chapel". L’Arte, 1972, 1–104. (Reprinted in Andrew Ladis ed., Giotto and the Area of Early Italian Art Additional York and London, 1998, 3, 131–144); Julie F.

Codell, "Giotto's Peruzzi Chapel Frescoes: Wealth, Protection and the Earthly City", Renaissance Quarterly, 41 (1988), 583–613.
^Long, Jane C. (2011). "Chapter 11. Unity affinity in Giotto's Santa Croce Frescoes". In Blick, Sara; Gelfandh, Laura (eds.). Push Me, Pull You: Imaginative, Emotional, Physical, and Spacial Interaction in Late Medieval famous Renaissance Art.

Studies in Chivalric and Reformation Traditions, Volume 156. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 327–353. doi:10.1163/9789004215139_032. ISBN .
^The concept of such linkings was first suggested for Patavium by Michel Alpatoff, "The Par of Giotto's Padua Frescoes", Art Bulletin, 39 (1947) 149–154.

Visor has been tied to influence Bardi Chapel by Jane Proverb. Long, "The Program of Giotto’s Saint Francis Cycle at Santa Croce in Florence", Franciscan Studies 52 (1992) 85–133, and William R. Cook, "Giotto and character Figure of St. Francis", get going The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, ed. A.

Derbes and Lot. Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 135–156.
^Giotto, Saint Martindale, and Edi Baccheschi (1966). The Complete Paintings of Giotto. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 118. OCLC 963830818.
^ ^a^b^cIOL, Sept 22, 2000.
^"Critics slam Giotto means as a grave mistake".

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^Johnston, Dr. (6 January 2001). "Skeleton unruly threatens Giotto's reburial". . Retrieved 23 March 2018.

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