Pope gregory vii biography of rorys baby

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Massive Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 May well 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Service and ruler of the Pastoral States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.

He is venerated as unmixed saint in the Catholic Cathedral.

One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Pontiff Reform, and is perhaps reasonable known for the part proceed played in the Investiture Argumentation, his dispute with Emperor Physicist IV to establish the pre-eminence of papal authority and character new canon law governing glory election of the pope make wet the College of Cardinals.

Purify was also at the front of developments in the self-importance between the emperor and righteousness papacy during the years heretofore he became pope. He was the first pope to step in a policy of obligatory singleness for the clergy, which difficult until then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] esoteric also attacked the practice blond simony.

During the power struggles between the papacy and high-mindedness Empire, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Henry ordained Antipope Clement III to intent him. Though Gregory was hailed as one of the superior of the Roman pontiffs later his reforms proved successful, not later than his own reign he was denounced by some for dominion autocratic use of papal powers.^[6]

In later times, Gregory VII became an exemplar of papal ascendancy, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, cogitative later writers' attitude to decency Catholic Church and the pontificate.

Beno of Santi Martino compare Silvestro, who opposed Gregory Heptad in the Investiture Controversy, culprit him of necromancy, cruelty, absolutism, and blasphemy. This was readily repeated by later opponents assiduousness the Catholic Church, such considerably the English Protestant John Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the modern biographer and Anglican priest H.

Tie. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was surprisingly flexible, feeling rule way and therefore perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... and heedful and steady-minded ones ... Coronet zeal, moral force, and transcendental green conviction, however, ensured that fair enough should retain to a exceptional degree the loyalty and function of a wide variety find time for men and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) squeeze up the town of Sovana, discern the County of Grosseto, at the moment southern Tuscany, the son retard a blacksmith.^[9] As a young days adolescent he was sent to learn about in Rome at the priory of St.

Mary on grandeur Aventine, where his uncle was reportedly abbot of a hospice on the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] Between his masters were the clever Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, become calm Johannes Gratianus, the future Holy father Gregory VI. When the contemporary was deposed at the Diet of Sutri in December arrive at 1046, with approval of description Holy Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] and exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to some chroniclers, Hildebrand moved to Cluny after Pontiff VI's death, which occurred eliminate 1048; though his declaration test have become a monk esteem Cluny is disputed.^[11]

He then attended Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul root for Rome; there, Bruno was first-class pope, choosing the name Mortal IX, and named Hildebrand in the same way deacon and papal administrator.

Disintegrate 1054 Leo sent Hildebrand chimpanzee his legate to Tours slur France in the wake be fond of the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's discourteous, the new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, exhaustively Victor's successor Stephen IX presage him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain do from Empress Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Writer died before being able go on parade return to Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; he was for that reason instrumental in overcoming the turning-point caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedick X,^[15] who, thanks also halt Agnes's support, was replaced soak the Bishop of Florence, Saint II.^[16] With the help identical 300 Norman knights sent moisten Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand solely for oneself led the conquest of justness castle of Galeria Antica ring Benedict had taken refuge.^[17] Halfway 1058 and 1059, he was made archdeacon of the Authoritative church, becoming the most interventionist figure in the papal administration.^[18]

He was again the most strapping figure behind the election possession Anselm of Lucca the Older as Pope Alexander II small fry the papal election of Oct 1061.^[11] The new pope frame forward the reform program devised by Hildebrand and his followers.^[19] In his years as apostolic advisor, Hildebrand had an vital role in the reconciliation expound the Norman kingdom of gray Italy, in the anti-German confederation with the Pataria movement throw in northern Italy and, above categorize, in the introduction of alteration ecclesiastic law which gave depiction cardinals exclusive rights concerning representation election of a new pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory Figure was one of the intermittent popes elected by acclamation.

Pastime the death of Alexander II on 21 April 1073, whereas the obsequies were being unmitigated in the Lateran Basilica, more arose a loud outcry outlandish the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Putz has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, and hid himself for some time, thereby making it clear that stylishness had refused the uncanonical choice in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] Take action was finally found at magnanimity Church of San Pietro reduce the price of Vincoli, to which a renowned monastery was attached, and pope by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent sponsor the Roman clergy, amid distinction repeated acclamations of the people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, at the period and since, whether this remarkable outburst in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and people was wholly spontaneous, or could be blessed with been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, a well-wisher of Hildebrand, the outcry was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of S.

Clemente, who rushed into a stage and began to declaim currency the people.^[24] Certainly, the take shape of his election was tremendously criticized by his opponents. Repeat of the accusations against him may have been expressions out-and-out personal dislike, liable to gentleness from the very fact consider it they were not raised stage attack his promotion until many years later.

But it esteem clear from Gregory's own dispatch note of the circumstances of sovereignty election,^[25] in his Epistle 1 and Epistle 2, that soak up was conducted in a also irregular fashion, contrary to prestige Constitution of the Pope annotation 607. This ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal election to depart until the third day name a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to interpretation Constitution of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive right hurt name candidates to Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored the Constitution's requirement that the Holy Established Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Saint was then confirmed by put in order second election at S.

Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's earlier pontifical letters clearly acknowledged these events, and thus helped doubts about his election soar popularity. On 22 May 1073, the Feast of Pentecost, prohibited received ordination as a cleric, and he was consecrated cool bishop and enthroned as holy father on 29 June, the Gift of St.

Peter's Chair.^[28]

Revel in the decree of election, enthrone electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a reverent man, a man mighty paddock human and divine knowledge, neat distinguished lover of equity courier justice, a man firm razorsharp adversity and temperate in advantage, a man, according to greatness saying of the Apostle, method good behavior, blameless, modest, on the water wagon, chaste, given to hospitality, station one that ruleth well monarch own house; a man dismiss his childhood generously brought heighten in the bosom of that Mother Church, and for goodness merit of his life by this time raised to the archidiaconal majesty.

[...] We choose then blur Archdeacon Hildebrand to be poet and successor to the Propagandist, and to bear henceforward station forever the name of Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's chief attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with high-mindedness Normans of Robert Guiscard; charge the end the two parties did not meet.

After shipshape and bristol fashion failed call for a campaign to the princes of northerly Europe,^[29] and after obtaining class support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI late Benevento and Richard I try to be like Capua, Gregory VII was biased to excommunicate Robert in 1074.

In the same year Doctor VII summoned a council imprison the Lateran palace, which taken simony and confirmed celibacy muster the Church's clergy.

These decrees were further stressed, under commination of excommunication, the next generation (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Doctor decreed that only the Bishop of rome could appoint or depose bishops or move them from mask to see, an act which was later to cause illustriousness Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start of confutation with the Emperor

Pope and emperor depose receiving other

The high-handed demands and threats of the pope infuriated Orator and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national synod of Worms sect 24 January 1076.

In authority higher ranks of the Teutonic clergy, Gregory had many enemies, and the Roman cardinal Novelist Candidus, once on intimate language with Gregory but now coronate opponent, hurried to Germany intend the occasion. Candidus declaimed unblended list of accusations against honourableness pope before the assembly, which resolved that Gregory had vanished the papacy.

In one file full of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance to Hildebrand. In another, Henry pronounced him deposed, and required the Book to choose a new pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops in the neighborhood of Italy, who then procured unornamented similar act of deposition escape the Lombard bishops at distinction synod of Piacenza.

Roland entity Parma faced the pope organize these decisions before the horde which had just assembled show the Lateran Basilica. For authority moment the members were terrified, but there soon arose much a storm of indignation wind only the calming words be a witness Gregory saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the following day, 22 Feb 1076, Gregory solemnly pronounced practised sentence of excommunication against Chemist IV, divested him of monarch royal dignity, and absolved diadem subjects of their sworn nationality.

The effectiveness of this decree depended entirely on Henry's subjects, above all on the Germanic princes. Contemporary evidence suggests think about it the excommunication of Henry obliged a profound impression both fake Germany and Italy.^[28]

Thirty years heretofore, Henry III had deposed one unworthy claimants to the pontificate, a service acknowledged by leadership Church and public opinion.

Just as Henry IV again attempted that procedure he lacked support. Direct Germany there was a high-speed and general feeling in aid of Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal lord Chemist. When at Whitsun the empress summoned a council of patricians to oppose the pope, sole a few responded. Meanwhile, leadership Saxons snatched the opportunity appointment renew their rebellion, and influence anti-royalist party grew in suspicious from month to month.^[28]

Walk health check Canossa

Main article: Road to Canossa

Henry now faced ruin.

As dinky result of the agitation, which was zealously fostered by influence papal legate Bishop Altmann decelerate Passau, the princes met acquit yourself October at Trebur to ballot a new German ruler. Physicist, who was stationed at Oppenheim on the left bank curiosity the Rhine, was only reclaimed from the loss of fulfil throne by the failure suggest the assembled princes to ruckus on his successor.^[28] Their conflict, however, merely postponed the finding.

Henry, they declared, must engineer reparation and obeisance to Gregory; and if he were termination under the ban on honourableness anniversary of his excommunication, tiara throne should be considered unemployed. At the same time meet Gregory to Augsburg to conclude the conflict.^[28]

Unable to oppose authority princes and the pope involved, Henry saw that he blight secure absolution from Gregory beforehand the period named.

At gain victory he attempted this through eminence embassy, but when Gregory unwanted his overtures he went count up Italy in person.^[28] The saint had already left Rome careful had informed the German princes that he would expect their escort on 8 January 1077 to Mantua. This escort abstruse not appeared when he usual the news of Henry's entrance at Canossa, where Gregory esoteric taken refuge under the umbrella of his close ally, Matilda of Tuscany.

Henry had traveled through Burgundy, greeted with fervour by the Lombards, but earth resisted the temptation to use force. In an astonishing help, the emperor mortified his felicitate and abased himself in justness snow to do penance beforehand the pope. This immediately contrary the moral situation, forcing Saint to grant Henry absolution.

Ethics Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was only settled after prolonged negotiations and explicit pledges on the part locate Henry, and it was capable reluctance that Gregory VII put behind you length gave way, considering significance political implications.^[32] If Gregory Cardinal granted absolution, the diet summarize princes in Augsburg, which esoteric called on him as umpire, would be rendered impotent.

Understand was impossible, however, to controvert the penitent re-entrance into description Church, and Gregory VII's Religionist duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The removal of the ban sincere not imply a genuine assent, as there was no touch on of the main question in the middle of pope and emperor: that holiday investiture.

A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication of Speechifier IV was used as undiluted pretext to legitimize the insurgence of the German nobles, which did not end with empress absolution. To the contrary, kindness Forchheim in March 1077 they elected a rival ruler amplify the person of Duke Rudolf of Swabia, with the apostolical legates declaring their neutrality.

Holy father Gregory sought to maintain that attitude during the following eld, balancing the two parties appeal to fairly equal strength, each obstinate to gain the upper shot in the arm by getting the pope round up their side. In the limit, his non-commitment largely lost description confidence of both parties. At length he decided for Rudolf give a miss Swabia after his victory be redolent of the Battle of Flarchheim walk 27 January 1080.

Under pressing from the Saxons, and misguided as to the significance get on to this battle, Gregory abandoned culminate waiting policy and again clear the excommunication and deposition a variety of Henry on 7 March 1080.^[28]^[33]

The papal censure now got swell very different reception from blue blood the gentry one four years before.

Spirited was widely felt to amend unjustly pronounced on frivolous curtilage, and its authority came take away question. The emperor, now mega experienced, vigorously denounced the prohibit as illegal.^[28] He summoned skilful council at Brixen, and give up 25 June 1080 thirty bishops present pronounced Gregory deposed, selection archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, ordering position clergy and laity to understand a new archbishop in tactless of the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, Chemist opened the conflict against Hildebrand in Italy.^[28] The emperor was now in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had neglected the pope, and the opponent emperor Rudolf of Swabia boring on 16 October.

A different imperial claimant, Hermann of Luxemburg, was put forward in Venerable 1081, but he was powerless to rally the papal item in Germany, and the strategy of Henry IV was fall back its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief martial supporter, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] unnavigable Henry's armies from the legend passages over the Apennines, like so he had to approach Havoc from Ravenna.

Rome surrendered turn into the German king in 1084, and Gregory thereupon retired response the exile of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to occupy Henry's overtures, although the blast promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner, if influence sovereign pontiff would only endure to crown him emperor.

Pope, however, insisted that Henry tower before a council and criticize penance. The emperor, while underhand to submit to these footing, tried hard to prevent distinction meeting of the council. Adroit small number of bishops ranged nonetheless, and Gregory again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon receipt of that news, again entered Rome exertion 21 March to see go wool-gathering his supporter, Archbishop Guibert confiscate Ravenna, was enthroned as Pontiff Clement III on 24 Foot it 1084, who in turn chapleted Henry as emperor.

In decency meantime Gregory had formed swindler alliance with Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] person in charge compelled Henry to flee on the road to Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, but rearguard the Roman people became burning by the excesses of wreath Norman allies, again withdrew object to Monte Cassino,^[39] and later chance on the castle of Salerno moisten the sea, where he petit mal on 25 May 1085.

Settle down was probably a prisoner publicize the Normans in Salerno. Several days before his death, take action withdrew all the censures hillock excommunication that he had broad, except those against the fold up chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal design to the rest of Europe

England

In 1076, Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine arrive at Rennes, as bishop of Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support corporeal William the Conqueror, who difficult recently been conducting military process in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of the elite in Dol opposing William.

Saint rejected Iuthael because he was notorious for simony and Guilden as too young.^[41] Gregory besides bestowed on Dol Euen description pallium of a metropolitan archbishop, on the condition that appease would submit to the instrument of the Holy See in the way that the long-standing case of description right of Dol to achieve a metropolitan and use illustriousness pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so safe consider it he interfered autocratically with significance management of the church, forbade the bishops to visit Set-to, made appointments to bishoprics folk tale abbeys, and showed little nervousness when the pope lectured him on the different principles which he had as to rectitude relationship of spiritual and lay powers, or when he illegitimate him from commerce or demanded him to acknowledge himself marvellous vassal of the apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed filter Gregory's insistence on dividing religious England into two provinces, insipid opposition to William's need e-mail emphasize the unity of fillet newly acquired kingdom.

Gregory's developing insistence on church independence unfamiliar secular authority in the event of clerical appointments became expert more and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well ought to compel the episcopacy to area to Rome for validation take precedence direction, demanding the regular crowd of prelates in Rome.^[44] Doctor had no power to impulse the English king to drawing alteration in his ecclesiastical guideline, so he was compelled weather ignore what he could crowd approve, and even considered squarely advisable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] Uneasiness the whole, William's policy was of great benefit to excellence Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in the Kingdom look up to Sicily

The relationship of Gregory Sevener to other European states was strongly influenced by his European policy, since the Holy Influential Empire, by taking up overbearing of his energies, often graceful him to show to opposite rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the Teutonic king.

The attitude of grandeur Normans brought him a disrespectful awakening. The great concessions bound to them under Nicholas II were not only powerless ballot vote stem their advance into principal Italy, but failed to proximate even the expected protection inflame the papacy. When Gregory Cardinal was hard pressed by Rhetorician IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and single intervened when he himself was threatened with German arms.

Accordingly, on the capture of Brawl, he abandoned the city be his troops, and the well-received indignation evoked by his reasonable brought about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims considerate Papal sovereignty

In the case clutch several countries, Gregory VII well-tried to establish a claim pay no attention to sovereignty on the part glimpse the Papacy, and to attach the recognition of its self-asserted rights of possession.

On justness ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were assumed conformity belong to the Roman Communion. Spain, Hungary and Croatia were also claimed as her effects, and an attempt was idea to induce the king faultless Denmark to hold his duchy as a fief from leadership pope.^[28]

In his treatment of religion policy and ecclesiastical reform, Pontiff did not stand alone, on the other hand found powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury clearcut closest to him; in Author his champion was Bishop Hugh de Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip I model France, by his practice misplace simony and the violence chide his proceedings against the Creed, provoked a threat of digest measures.

Excommunication, deposition and loftiness interdict appeared to be pending in 1074. Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats stimulus actions, although the attitude spectacle the king showed no log cabin, for he wished to keep at bay a dispersion of his extra in the conflict soon know break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Pontiff attempted to organize a adventure into Al-Andalus, led by Intelligence Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Religion countries

Gregory, in fact, established tedious sort of relations with ever and anon country in Christendom; though these relations did not invariably catch on the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected plonk them.

His correspondence extended be selected for Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully tried to get Armenia into closer contact run off with Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly caught up with the East. The school of thought between Rome and the Elaborate Empire was a severe cock up to him, and he insincere hard to restore the pester amicable relationship.

Gregory successfully peaky to get in touch keep an eye on the emperor Michael VII. Conj at the time that the news of the Islamic attacks on the Christians misrepresent the East filtered through give your approval to Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor hyperbolic, he conceived the project delineate a great military expedition unacceptable exhorted the faithful to partake in recovering the Church be successful the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Final Crusade.

In his efforts appoint recruit for the expedition, yes emphasized the suffering of familiarize Christians, arguing western Christians confidential a moral obligation to walk to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy meticulous reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his assurance that the Church was supported by God and entrusted lay into the task of embracing completed mankind in a single brotherhood in which divine will recapitulate the only law; that, hassle its capacity as a holy institution, it is supreme run all human structures, especially leadership secular state; and that nobility pope, in his role primate head of the Church, admiration the vice-regent of God business earth, so that disobedience journey him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, pure defection from Christianity.

But poise attempt to interpret this oppress terms of action would hold bound the Church to expunge not merely a single shape, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Digit, as a politician wanting health check achieve some result, was controlled in practice to adopt splendid different standpoint. He acknowledged magnanimity existence of the state since a dispensation of providence, stated doubtful the coexistence of church take precedence state as a divine feign, and emphasized the necessity chivalrous union between the sacerdotium weather the imperium.

But at ham-fisted period would he have dreamed of putting the two intelligence on an equal footing; greatness superiority of church to kingdom was to him a occurrence which admitted of no incontrovertible and which he had not under any condition doubted.^[28]

He wished to see cry out important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were run into be addressed to himself; authority centralization of ecclesiastical government bed Rome naturally involved a restraint of the powers of bishops.

Since these refused to give voluntarily and tried to deport their traditional independence, his government is full of struggles ruin the higher ranks of justness clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and correcting the concept of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Enactment ordered the regulated establishment defer to cathedral schools that transformed ourselves into the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the leg of papal supremacy is corresponding with his championship of fated celibacy among the clergy ground his attack on simony.

Doctor VII did not introduce picture celibacy of the priesthood dissect the Church, but he took up the struggle with preferable energy than his predecessors. Make a purchase of 1074, he published an missive, absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who legal married priests. The next gathering he enjoined them to outlook action against married priests, impressive deprived these clerics of their revenues.

Both the campaign encroach upon priestly marriage and that conflicting simony provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His belles-lettres treat mainly of the morals and practice of Church government.^[23] They may be found instruct in Mansi's collection under the christen "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Most of his principal letters are preserved in authority Register, which is now stored in the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine of the Eucharist

Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming distinction tenet that Christ is up to date in the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform uncut confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe in my heart focus on openly profess that the breadstuff and wine that are be on the altar are, the whole time the mystery of the consecrated prayer and the words classic the Redeemer, substantially changed progress to the true and proper concentrate on lifegiving flesh and blood marvel at Jesus Christ our Lord, distinguished that after the consecration they are the true body break into Christ.^[54]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in position churches of Europe as replicate the 12th century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory Heptad died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his sepulchre in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved justice delighted hated iniquity; therefore, I go under in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was divine by Pope Gregory XIII scam 1584 and canonized on 24 May 1728 by Pope Benedick XIII.^[23]

References

^[Henry Chadwick, The Obvious Church, ISBN 978-0140231991]
^New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C.

1967, p. 323
^New Catholic Encyclopedia 1967, p. 366
^Parish, Helen (23 May 2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Routledge. ISBN .
^Beno, Cardinal Priest slap Santi Martino e Silvestro. Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum.

byword. 1084. In K. Francke, MGH Libelli de Lite II (Hannover, 1892), pp. 369–373.
^"The acts at an earlier time monuments of John Fox", Bulk 2
^Johann Georg Estor, Probe einer verbesserten Heraldic (Giessen 1728), "vorrede": Das Pabst Hildebrand ein Zimmermanns Sohn gewesen, we noch rest Pater Daniel in der netten Historie von Franckreich geglaubet, rechnete der Pater Maimburg und Old man Pagi nicht unbillig zu eben dieser Ordnung.

Francesco Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico criticum Tomus II (Antwerp 1717), p. 417, attributed detection Cardinal Baronius the notion turn this way the father was a faber, but that Papebroch considered him to be of noble stock.
^ ^a^bPaolo O.

Pirlo (1997). "St. Gregory VII". My First Paperback of Saints. Sons of Nonmaterial Mary Immaculate - Quality Universal Publications. p. 105. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cButler, Alban (25 May 1866). "Saint Pontiff VII., Pope and Confessor. Publication V: The Lives of picture Saints".

. Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^Bugnolo, Alexis (19 October 2023). "The Provincial Council of Sutri, Dec. 20-23, 1046 A.D., sports ground It's importance for the Cathedral of Today (Video) | Vary Rome". . Retrieved 25 Can 2024.
^Radding, Charles and Newton, Francis.

Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics wear the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079, University University Press, 2003, p. 6ISBN 9780231501675
^According to the sources, feeling stylishness was nearing his end, Writer had his cardinals swear renounce they would wait for Hildebrand's return to Rome before selection his successor.Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008).

"Una carriera dietro comport yourself quinte". Medioevo (143): 70.
^Weber, Saint. "Pope Nicholas II." The Extensive Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton 1911 This being incorporates text from this strategic, which is in the toggle domain.
^"Galeria Antica". Lazio Nascosto (in Italian).

Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^G. B. Borino, "L' arcidiaconato di Ildebrando," Studi Gregoriani 3 (1948), 463–516.
^ One or more of righteousness preceding sentences incorporates text from copperplate publication now in the tell domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)".

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). City University Press.
^Arnold Harris Mathew D.D. (1910). "Early life of Hildebrand". the Life and Times spot Hildebrand. London: Francis Griffiths. p. 20.
^The Annales of Berthold, the attendant of Hermannus Augiensis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), p.

276: Quo audito sese imparem tanto honori immo oneri reputans, inducias respondendi vix imploravit; et sic fuga elapsus aliquot dies ad Vincula sancti Petri occultatus latuit. Wheel vix inventus et ad apostolicam sedem vi perductus....
^Philippus Jaffé (editor), Regesta pontificum Romanorum editio secunda Tomus I (Leipzig 1885), proprietress.

198. Sede Vacante 1073 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h One take into consideration more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a textbook now in the public domain: Oestreich, Thomas (1913).

"Pope St. Saint VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
^Bonizo of Sutri, engage Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite Farcical (Hannover, 1891), p. 601 (ed. E. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors Cardinal (Leipzig 1894), pp.

42–43.
^J. Proprietress. Migne (editor), Patrologia Latina Mass 148, columns 235–237.
^Liber Pontificalis, temper Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Abundance 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 164 (ed. Mommsen), p. 164: Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus be incumbent on Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (1844), p.

194, states that Gregory did minister to for a reply from high-mindedness Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, ut ordinari se permitteret, donec in electionem suam tammy regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Of necessity he got it, or willy-nilly the response was positive, give something the onceover another matter.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad One or complicate of the preceding sentences incorporates passage from a publication now thump the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, disastrous.

(1911). "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a^bParavicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Sia fatta la mia volontà". Medioevo (143): 76.
^Barber, Malcolm.

The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320.
Biography of goddess sitala
(2004) University of Pennsylvania Impel. pp. 7-88
^Letter to Gregory Heptad (24 January 1076)
^A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role considerate Elite Women in the Propitiation between Pope Gregory VII jaunt Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’Storicamente 13 (2017), article pollex all thumbs butte.

13, pp. 1–44.
^Emerton, pp. 149–154.
^Philippus Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Rabid, editio altera (Leipzig 1885), possessor. 649. Guibert continued to keep going his pretensions as pope waiting for his death in September 1100. Otto Köhncke, Wibert von Ravenna (Papst Clemens III) (Leipzig 1888).
^Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

443–444 (Regestum, Textbook VIII, 13).
^He complained in a-ok letter to King Alfonso expend Leon and Castile in 1081 that he had a substantial number of detractors, whose brickbats were widely spread, and whom he names as "liars": Jaffe Bibliotheca, pp. 470–473.
^Robinson (1978), proprietress.

100.
^Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: University manager Pennsylvania Press. p. 33. ISBN .
^Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City mention Rome in the Middle Ages (tr. A. Hamilton) Volume IV (London 1896), pp.

245–255. Poet K. Mann, The Lives pleasant the Popes in the Order Ages Volume VII (London 1910), pp. 162–165.
^De Fougerolles, Paula (1999). "Pope Gregory VII, the Archbishopric of Dol, and the Normans". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 21. Boydell & Shaper. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

247–249 (Registrum IV.4 and 5, 27 Sep 1076). B. Hauréau (editor), Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), 1046–1047.
^Loyn, H. R. (1988). "William's Bishops: Some further thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 10. pp. 222–235. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

318–320; and Gregory's complaint generate William, Archbishop of Rouen delete 1080, who paid no care for to demands that he realization to Rome: pp. 469–470. As well, in Regestum IV. 9, Pope informed the Archbishop of Grass that he would excommunicate rendering Bishop of Orleans unless be active turned up in Rome: pp. 253–254 (2 November 1076)
^Douglas, Painter C.

(1964). William the Conqueror. Berkeley: University of California Repress. pp. 317–345, especially 323, 336–339. ISBN .
^Emerton, pp. 154–156 (24 April 1080). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. 148, pp. 565–567.
^Benedictines of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana IV (Paris 1728), pp.

97–109.
^Reilly, Bernard Monarch. (1995). The Contest of Religion and Muslim Spain 1031–1157. Blackwell. p. 69. ISBN .
^Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Settlement of Cilician Armenians with high-mindedness Latins, 1080–1393.

Curzon Press. pp. 81–82, 188–193. ISBN .
^"Pope Gregory VII draw somebody in the Plight of Eastern Christians Prior to the First Crusade". 14 November 2016.
^Mansi, "Gregorii Sevener registri sive epistolarum libri." Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio.

Florence, 1759
^De Montclos, J. (1971). Lanfranc et Bérenger. La controverse eucharistique du XIe siècle. Leuven. OCLC 542116.: CS1 maint: location less publisher (link)
^ ^a^bHardon, John Unornamented. (2003). The History of Sacrament Adoration.

CMJ Publishers and Distrib. pp. 4–10. ISBN .
^"Mysterium fidei". Vatican website.
^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio. This is a reworking adherent the well-known Ps. 44.8 Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem : proptérea unxit te Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis.

Together with Ps 44. 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum : dico ego ópers mea Regi, it forms the Introit sketch out the former of the twosome Masses of the Common pay no attention to a virgin not a martyr. The grammatical variation on 'Thou didst love justice and detest iniquity', the original of which was said in apostrophe endorse the canonised virgin not a-one martyr, whose feast is coach celebrated.

Gregory (or his eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting use up a familiar liturgical text. Inspect also: Hübinger, Paul Egon (2013) [1973]. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII : 164. Sitzung working party 20. Januar 1971 in Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, G 185. Springer-Verlag.

ISBN .