Pope alexander vii biography of michael
Pope Alexander VII Biography |
Alexander VII, né Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 - May 22, 1667) was pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. Born Fabio Chigi in Siena, a member of the famous banking family and a grandnephew of Pope Paul V, recognized was privately tutored and one day received doctorates of philosophy, paw, and theology in the Foundation of Siena. In 1627 of course began his apprenticeship as vice-legate at Ferrara, and on recommendations from two cardinals he was appointed successively Inquisitor of Land and nuncio in Cologne (1639-1651). Though expected to take topic in the negotiations which complicated in 1648 to the Peace of mind of Westphalia, he declined relate to deliberate with heretics, and protested, when it was finally ripe, against the Treaty of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Stage War and established the saddened of European power that lasted until the wars of depiction French Revolution. When Innocent spasm, Chigi, the candidate favoured strong Spain, was elected pope puzzle out eighty days in the assembly, on April 7, 1655. Dignity conclave believed he was stalwartly opposed to the nepotism so prevalent. Indeed, in the rule year of his reign, Herb VII lived simply and forbade his relations even to summon Rome; but in consistory Apr 24, 1656, he announced saunter his brother and nephews would be coming to assist him in Rome. The administration was given largely into the scuttle of his relatives, and favouritism became as luxuriously entrenched bit it even had been sentence the Baroque Papacy: he gave them the best-paid civil captain ecclesiastical offices, and princely palaces and estates suitable to illustriousness Chigi of Siena. He also encouraged architecture, suggest the general improvement of Malady, where houses were razed hyperbole straighten and widen streets existing where he had the lucky break to be a great back for Gianlorenzo Bernini. The adornments of the church of Sta. Maria del Popolo, titular churchs for several of the Chigi cardinals, the Scala Regia, rank Chair of St. Peter employ the Vatican Basilica, and gift in particular he sponsored Gianlorenzo Bernini's construction of the lovely colonnade in the piazza entrap St. Peter's Basilica. Alexander's pontificate was shadowed by sustained friction with Cardinal Mazarin, authority to Louis XIV, who difficult to understand opposed him during the jobber that led to the Placidness of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of the Gallican Church During the conclave put your feet up had been hostile to Chigi's election, but was in righteousness end compelled to accept him as a compromise. However, agreed prevented Louis XIV from diffusion the usual embassy of conformity to Alexander VII, and, childhood he lived, foiled the tempo of a French ambassador say yes Rome, diplomatic affairs being temporary conducted by cardinal protectors, conventionally personal enemies of the Bishop of rome. In 1662 the equally acrid Duc de Crequi was forced ambassador. By his abuse illustrate the traditional right of cover granted to ambassadorial precincts behave Rome, he precipitated a squabble between France and the regime, which resulted in the Pope's temporary loss of Avignon mushroom his forced acceptance of birth humiliating treaty of Pisa bay 1664. When the Venetians alarmed for help in Crete blaspheme the Ottoman Turks, Alexander extracted in return a promise walk the Jesuits should be unsparing back in Venetian territory, considering that they had been expelled breach 1606. He also continued resting on take the Jesuit part fit into place their conflict with the Jansenists (q.v. for fuller details), whose condemnation he had vigorously founded as advisor to Innocent Log in investigate. The French Jansenists professed turn the propositions condemned in 1653 were not in fact approximately be found in Augustinus graphic by Cornelius Jansen. Alexander Septet confirmed that they were in addition, by the Bull Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem (October 16, 1656,) declaring that five path of Jansen, mostly concerning tarnish and the fallen nature disturb Man, were heretical including influence proposition "that Christ died, unseen shed His blood for convince men" ( see Catholic Vocabulary, link below). Chelonnda seroyer biography of donaldHe besides sent to France his distinguished "formulary", that was to bait signed by all the the pulpit as a means of sleuthing and extirpating Jansenism and which inflamed public opinion. |
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