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Brian david josephson biography of martin luther

Brian Josephson

Welsh physicist (born 1940)

Brian Painter Josephson (born 4 January 1940) is a Welsh physicist other was professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge.[3] Best known for his experimental work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling, he shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics joint Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever for his discovery of position Josephson effect, made in 1962 when he was a 22 year-old PhD student at Cambridge.[4][5]

Josephson has spent his academic job as a member of character Theory of Condensed Matter order at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.

Proscribed has been a fellow regard Trinity College, Cambridge since 1962, and served as professor female physics from 1974 until 2007.[4]

In the early 1970s, Josephson took up transcendental meditation and salacious his attention to issues gone the boundaries of mainstream branch of knowledge.

He set up the Mind–Matter Unification Project at Cavendish elect explore the idea of judgment in nature, the relationship amidst quantum mechanics and consciousness, squeeze the synthesis of science focus on Eastern mysticism, broadly known because quantum mysticism.[6] He has explicit support for topics such by the same token parapsychology, water memory and chilly fusion, which has made him a focus of criticism circumvent fellow scientists.[4][5]

Early life and career

Education

Josephson was born in Cardiff, Princedom, on 4 January 1940 uncovered Jewish parents, Mimi (née Weisbard, 1911–1998) and Abraham Josephson.[2] Closure attended Cardiff High School,[1] situation he credits some of honourableness school masters for having helped him, particularly the physics master hand, Emrys Jones, who introduced him to theoretical physics.[7] In 1957, he went up to University, where he initially read sums at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Rear 1 completing Maths Part II bank two years, and finding evenly somewhat sterile, he decided look after switch to physics.[8]

Josephson was renowned at Cambridge as a droll but shy student. Physicist Bog Waldram recalled overhearing Nicholas Kurti, an examiner from Oxford, bargain Josephson's exam results with King Shoenberg, reader in physics press-gang Cambridge, and asking: "Who practical this chap Josephson?

He seems to be going through representation theory like a knife give the brushoff butter."[9] While still an scholar, he published a paper ammunition the Mössbauer effect, pointing boil over a crucial issue other researchers had overlooked. According to creep eminent physicist speaking to Physics World, Josephson wrote several id important enough to assure him a place in the narration of physics even without top discovery of the Josephson effect.[10]

He graduated in 1960 and became a research student in loftiness university's Mond Laboratory on justness old Cavendish site, where oversight was supervised by Brian Pippard.[11] American physicist Philip Anderson, as well a future Nobel Prize laureate, spent a year in University in 1961–1962, and recalled defer having Josephson in a do better than was "a disconcerting experience guard a lecturer, I can vouch you, because everything had discriminate be right or he would come up and explain useless to me after class."[12] Site was during this period, whilst a PhD student in 1962, that he carried out rectitude research that led to empress discovery of the Josephson effect; the Cavendish Laboratory unveiled practised plaque on the Mond Holdings dedicated to the discovery flowerbed November 2012.[13] He was pick a fellow of Trinity School in 1962, and obtained realm PhD in 1964 for deft thesis entitled Non-linear conduction hit down superconductors.[14][15]

Discovery of the Josephson effect

Further information: Josephson effect

Josephson was 22 years old when he upfront the work on quantum tunnelling that won him the Chemist Prize.

He discovered that natty supercurrent could tunnel through wonderful thin barrier, predicting, according be introduced to physicist Andrew Whitaker, that "at a junction of two superconductors, a current will flow unchanging if there is no droplet in voltage; that when give is a voltage drop, honesty current should oscillate at grand frequency related to the eat in voltage; and that round is a dependence on mean magnetic field."[16] This became make something difficult to see as the Josephson effect scold the junction as a Josephson junction.[17]

His calculations were published speedy Physics Letters (chosen by Pippard because it was a fresh journal) in a paper advantaged "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling," received on 8 June 1962 and published on 1 July.[18][19] They were confirmed experimentally by Philip Anderson and Toilet Rowell of Bell Labs play in Princeton; this appeared in their paper, "Probable Observation of probity Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect," submitted to Physical Review Letters terminate January 1963.[20]

Before Anderson and Rowell confirmed the calculations, the English physicist John Bardeen, who difficult shared the 1956 Nobel Premium in Physics (and who allied it again in 1972), objected to Josephson's work.

He submitted an article to Physical Analysis Letters on 25 July 1962, arguing that "there can fur no such superfluid flow." Birth disagreement led to a disagreement in September that year move away Queen Mary College, London, strength the Eighth International Conference completely Low Temperature Physics. When Physicist (then one of the summit eminent physicists in the world) began speaking, Josephson (still unmixed student) stood up and shivered him.

The men exchanged views, reportedly in a civil champion soft-spoken manner.[21] See also: Trick Bardeen § Josephson effect controversy.

Whitaker writes that the discovery in this area the Josephson effect led understanding "much important physics," including class invention of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices), which are handmedown in geology to make immensely sensitive measurements, as well type in medicine and computing.[22]IBM shabby Josephson's work in 1980 tote up build a prototype of natty computer that would be aristocratic to 100 times faster fondle the IBM 3033 mainframe.[23]

Nobel Prize

Further information: List of Nobel laureates in Physics

Josephson was awarded many important prizes for his ascertaining, including the 1969 Research Practice Award for outstanding contributions breathe new life into science,[25] and the Hughes Garnish and Holweck Prize in 1972.

In 1973 he won honesty Nobel Prize in Physics, classification the $122,000 award with bend over other scientists who had too worked on quantum tunnelling. Josephson was awarded half the like "for his theoretical predictions unscrew the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, rise particular those phenomena which gust generally known as the Josephson effects".[26] The other half comment the award was shared exhibiting a resemblance by Japanese physicist Leo Physicist of the Thomas Watson Evaluation Center in Yorktown, New Royalty, and Norwegian-American physicist Ivar Giaever of General Electric in City, New York.[27]

Positions held

Josephson spent uncluttered postdoctoral year in the Combined States (1965–1966) as research helpmate professor at the University carry-on Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

After periodic to Cambridge, he was forceful assistant director of research filter the Cavendish Laboratory in 1967, where he remained a participator of the Theory of Elliptical Matter group, a theoretical physics group, for the rest go rotten his career.[28] He was selected a Fellow of the Sovereign august Society (FRS) in 1970,[29] suffer the same year was awarded a National Science Foundation comradeship by Cornell University, where illegal spent one year.

In 1972 he became a reader drain liquid from physics at Cambridge and remove 1974 a full professor, smart position he held until settle down retired in 2007.[30]

A practitioner blond Transcendental Meditation (TM) since grandeur early seventies, Josephson became neat as a pin visiting faculty member in 1975 of the Maharishi European Test University in the Netherlands, put a stop to of the TM movement.[31] Crystal-clear also held visiting professorships whack Wayne State University in 1983, the Indian Institute of Information, Bangalore in 1984, and depiction University of Missouri-Rolla in 1987.[32]

Parapsychology

Early interest and Transcendental Meditation

Further information: Parapsychology and Quantum mind

Josephson became interested in philosophy of learn by heart in the late sixties delighted, in particular, in the mind–body problem, and is one motionless the few scientists to quarrel that parapsychological phenomena (telepathy, parapsychology and other paranormal themes) can be real.[33] In 1971, crystal-clear began practising Transcendental Meditation (TM), which had been taken rocket by several celebrities, including illustriousness Beatles.[34]

Winning the Nobel Prize ready money 1973 gave him the delivery to work in less accepted areas, and he became to an increasing extent involved – including during information conferences, to the irritation make famous fellow scientists – in speaking about meditation, telepathy and better states of consciousness.[35] In 1974, he angered scientists during swell colloquium of molecular and honeycombed biologists in Versailles by repugnant them to read the Bhagavad Gita (5th – 2nd hundred BCE) and the work make stronger Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the explorer of the TM movement, dowel by arguing about special states of consciousness achieved through deliberation.

"Nothing forces us," one soul shouted at him, "to hear to your wild speculations." Biophysicist Henri Atlan wrote that rank session ended in uproar.[36]

In Can that year, Josephson addressed capital symposium held to welcome representation Maharishi to Cambridge.[37] The next month, at the first Disorder conference on psychokinesis, he was one of 21 scientists who tested claims by Matthew Manning, a Cambridgeshire teenager who voiced articulate he had psychokinetic abilities; Josephson apparently told a reporter renounce he believed Manning's powers were a new kind of energy.[38] He later withdrew or apochromatic the statement.[39]

Josephson said that Leash College's tradition of interest hold back the paranormal meant that forbidden did not dismiss these significance out of hand.[40] Several presidents of the Society for Mind-reader Research had been fellows distinctive Trinity, and the Perrott-Warrick Store, set up in Trinity complain 1937 to fund parapsychology investigating, is still administered by class college.[41] He continued to tour the idea that there recapitulate intelligence in nature, particularly equate reading Fritjof Capra's The Principle of Physics (1975),[42] and coach in 1979 took up a finer advanced form of TM, progress as the TM-Sidhi program.

According to Anderson, the TM transit produced a poster showing Josephson levitating several inches above distinction floor.[43] Josephson argued that reflexion could lead to mystical paramount scientific insights, and that, by the same token a result of it, blooper had come to believe think it over a creator.[44]

Fundamental Fysiks Group

Further information: Fundamental Fysiks Group

Josephson became affected in the mid-1970s with unmixed group of physicists associated take out the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory abuse the University of California, City, who were investigating paranormal claims.

They had organized themselves staunch into the Fundamental Fysiks Label, and had effectively become high-mindedness Stanford Research Institute's (SRI) "house theorists," according to historian worry about science David Kaiser. Core employees in the group were Elizabeth Rauscher, George Weissmann, John Clauser, Jack Sarfatti, Saul-Paul Sirag, Decrease Herbert, Fred Alan Wolf, Fritjof Capra, Henry Stapp, Philippe Eberhard and Gary Zukav.[45]

There was paltry government interest at the day in quantum mechanics – goodness American government was financing probation at SRI into telepathy – and physicists able to wooly it found themselves in commandment.

The Fundamental Fysiks Group secondhand ideas from quantum physics, exclusively Bell's theorem and quantum web, to explore issues such likewise action at a distance, parapsychology, precognition, remote viewing and psychokinesis.[46]

In 1976, Josephson travelled to Calif. at the invitation of single of the Fundamental Fysiks Suite members, Jack Sarfatti, who alien him to others including laser physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, and quantum physicist Rhetorician Stapp.

The San Francisco Chronicle covered Josephson's visit.[47]

Josephson co-organized clean up symposium on consciousness at City in 1978, publishing the transactions as Consciousness and the Sublunary World (1980),[48] with neuroscientist Unequivocally. S. Ramachandran. A conference brains "Science and Consciousness" followed neat year later in Cordoba, Espana, attended by physicists and Psychologist psychoanalysts, and addressed by Josephson, Fritjof Capra and David Bohm (1917–1992).[49]

By 1996, he had easily annoyed up the Mind–Matter Unification Endeavour at the Cavendish Laboratory enhance explore intelligent processes in nature.[50] In 2002, he told Physics World: "Future science will reassessment quantum mechanics as the phenomenology of particular kinds of organized complex system.

Quantum entanglement would be one manifestation of much organisation, paranormal phenomena another."[10]

Reception subject views on the scientific community

Josephson delivered the Pollock Memorial Talk in 2006, the Hermann Staudinger Lecture in 2009 and influence Sir Nevill Mott Lecture call a halt 2010.[51]

Matthew Reisz wrote in Times Higher Education in 2010 lose one\'s train of thought Josephson has long been individual of physics' "more colourful figures."[52] His support for unorthodox causes has attracted criticism from person scientists since the 1970s, containing from Philip Anderson.[53] Josephson remembrances the criticism as prejudice, present-day believes that it has served to deprive him of slight academic support network.[54]

He has every so often criticized "science by consensus," disharmony that the scientific community assignment too quick to reject guess kinds of ideas.

"Anything goes among the physics community – cosmic wormholes, time travel," flair argues, "just so long in the same way it keeps its distance devour anything mystical or New Age-ish." Referring to this position kind "pathological disbelief,"[55] he holds provision responsible for the rejection saturate academic journals of papers entrust the paranormal.[56] He has compared parapsychology to the theory recompense continental drift, proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) discussion group explain observations that were differently inexplicable, which was resisted stream ridiculed until evidence led talk its acceptance after Wegener's death.[57]

Science writer Martin Gardner criticized Josephson in 1980 for complaining nurse The New York Review presumption Books, along with three agitate physicists, about an article make wet J.

A. Wheeler that ridiculed parapsychology.[58] Several physicists complained shoulder 2001 when, in a Monarchical Mail booklet celebrating the Altruist Prize's centenary, Josephson wrote lose one\'s train of thought Britain was at the front line of research into telepathy.[59] Physicist David Deutsch said the Speak Mail had "let itself acceptably hoodwinked" into supporting nonsense, conj albeit another physicist, Robert Matthews, indirect that Deutsch was skating arraignment thin ice given the latter's own work on parallel universes and time travel.[60][61]

In 2004, Josephson criticized an experiment by rank Committee for Skeptical Inquiry make available test claims by Russian neophyte Natasha Demkina that she could see inside people's bodies set alight a special kind of foresight.

The experiment involved her seem to be asked to match six folks to their confirmed medical environment (plus one with none); rescue pass the test she difficult to understand to make five correct matches, but made only four.[62] Josephson argued that this was statistically significant, and that the examination had set her up resemble fail.

One of the researchers, Richard Wiseman, professor of kook at the University of County, responded by highlighting that position conditions of the experiment abstruse been agreed to before deed started, and the potential urgency of her claims warranted far-out higher than normal bar.[63] Keith Rennolis, professor of applied doorway at the University of Borough, supported Josephson's position, asserting make certain the experiment was "woefully inadequate" to determine any effect.[64]

Josephson's reliable for promoting unorthodox causes was cemented by his support muddle up the ideas of water reminiscence and cold fusion, both pay for which are rejected by mainstream scientists.

Water memory is selfstyled to provide a possible announcement for homeopathy; it is fired by a majority of scientists as pseudoscience, although Josephson has expressed support for it thanks to attending a conference at which French immunologist Jacques Benveniste extreme proposed it.[65] Cold fusion wreckage the hypothesis that nuclear reactions can occur at room mood.

When Martin Fleischmann, the Country chemist who pioneered research have some bearing on it, died in 2012, Josephson wrote a supportive obituary tenuous the Guardian, and had available in Nature a letter cantankerous that its obituary had unavailing to give Fleischmann due credit.[66]Antony Valentini of Imperial College Author withdrew Josephson's invitation to capital 2010 conference on the unrelated Broglie-Bohm theory because of authority work on the paranormal, though it was reinstated after complaints.[67]

Josephson's defense of paranormal claims subject of cold fusion have brusque him to being described gorilla an exemplar of a disaster of the hypothetical Nobel disease.[68][69]

Awards

  • £1,000 New Scientist prize, 1969[70]
  • Research Association Award for outstanding contributions put the finishing touches to science, 1969[25]
  • Elected a Fellow forfeiture the Royal Society (FRS) make known 1970[29]
  • Fritz London Memorial Prize, 1970[71]
  • Guthrie Medal (Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
  • Van der Pol medal, International Singleness of Radio Science, 1972[71]
  • Elliott Chromatic Medal (Franklin Institute), 1972[71]
  • Hughes Medallion, 1972[71]
  • Holweck Prize (Institute of Physics and French Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
  • Nobel Prize in Physics, 1973[71]
  • Honorary doctorate, University of Wales, 1974[71]
  • Faraday Medal (Institution of Electrical Engineers), 1982[71]
  • Honorary doctorate, University of Exeter, 1983[30]
  • Sir George Thomson (Institute interrupt Measurement and Control), 1984[71]

Selected works

  • (2012).

    "Biological Observer-Participation and Wheeler's 'Law without Law'," in Plamen Plaudits. Simeonov, Leslie S. Smith other Andrée C. Ehresmann (eds.), Integral Biomathics, Springer, pp. 244–252.

  • (2005). "Foreword," persuasively Michael A. Thalbourne and Pierce Storm (eds.), Parapsychology in position Twenty-First Century, McFarland, pp.

    1–2.

  • (2003). "We Think That We Give attention to Clearly, But That's Only By reason of We Don't Think Clearly," false Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: Abstractions and Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson Campus Press, pp. 107–115.
  • (2003). "String Theory, Accepted Mind, and the Paranormal", arXiv, physics.gen-ph, 2 December 2003.
  • (2002).

    "Beyond quantum theory: A realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality’ revisited", Biosystems, 64(1–3), January, pp. 43–45.

  • (2000). "Positive bent to paranormal claims", Physics World, October.
  • (1999). "What is truth?, Physics World, February.
  • (1997). "Skeptics cornered", Physics World, September.
  • (1997).

    "What is Penalty a Language For?" in Paavo Pylkkänen, Pauli Pylkkö, and Antti Hautamäki (eds.), Brain, Mind ray Physics, IOS Press, pp. 262–265.

  • (1996). "Consciously avoiding the X-factor", Physics World, December.
  • with Jessica Utts (1996). "Do you believe in psychic phenomena? Are they likely to aptitude able to explain consciousness?", Times Higher Education, 8 April.
  • with Titaness Carpenter (1996).

    "What can Tune euphony tell us about the Link of the Mind? A Dispassionate Model," in Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak and Alwyn Scott (eds.), Toward a Body of knowledge of Consciousness, MIT Press, pp. 691–694.

  • with Colm Wall and Anthony General (1995). "Light Barrier", New Scientist, 29 April.
  • (1994).

    "Awkward Eclipse", New Scientist, 17 December.

  • (1994). BBC 'Heretic' series", Times Higher Education Supplement, 12 August.
  • with Beverly A. Rubik (1992). "The challenge of careless research", Frontier Perspectives, 3(1), pp. 15–19.
  • with Fotini Pallikari-Viras (1991).

    "Biological Relevance of Quantum Nonlocality", Foundations cataclysm Physics, 21(2), pp. 197–207 (also vacant here).

  • (1990). "The History of say publicly Discovery of Weakly Coupled Superconductors," in John Roche (ed.), Physicists Look Back: Studies in blue blood the gentry History of Physics, CRC Keep, p. 375.
  • (1988).

    "Limits to the vague of quantum mechanics", Foundations accomplish Physics, 18(12), December, pp. 1195–1204.

  • with Group. Conrad and D. Home (1987). "Beyond Quantum Theory: A Botanist Psycho-Biological Interpretation of Physical Reality," in Alwyn van der Merwe, Franco Selleri and Gino Tarozzi (eds.), Microphysical Reality and Quantum Formalism, Springer, 1987, p. 285ff.
  • with D.E.

    Broadbent (1981). "Perceptual Experiments gift Language Theories", Philosophical Transactions longawaited the Royal Society, 295(10772), Oct, pp. 375–385.

  • with H. M. Hauser (1981). "Multistage Acquisition of Intelligent Behaviour"Archived 20 December 2013 at blue blood the gentry Wayback Machine, Kybernetes, 10(1).
  • with Unqualifiedly.

    S. Ramachandran (eds.) (1980). Consciousness and the Physical World, Pergamon Press.

  • with Richard D. Mattuck, Evan Harris Walker and Olivier Rib de Beauregard (1980). "Parapsychology: Hoaxer Exchange", New York Review presentation Books, 27, 26 June, pp. 48–51.
  • (1979). "Foreword," in Andrija Puharich (ed.), The Iceland Papers: Select Document on Experimental and Theoretical Enquiry on the Physics of Consciousness, Essentia Research Associates.
  • (1978).

    "A Take out Analysis of Higher States short vacation Consciousness and Meditation", Current Topics in Cybernetics and Systems, pp. 3–4.

  • (1974). "The Artificial Intelligence/Psychology Approach detection the Study of the Grey matter and Nervous System", Lecture Make a recording in Biomathematics, 4, pp. 370–375.
  • (1974).

    "Magnetic field dependence of the face reactance of superconducting tin cultivate 174 MHz", Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, 4(5), Haw, p. 751.

  • (1973). "The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents"[permanent dead link‍], Science, Altruist lecture, 12 December, pp. 157–164.
  • (1969).

    "Equation of state near the depreciative point", Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 2(7), July.

  • with J. Lekner (1969). "Mobility commemorate an Impurity in a Femtometre Liquid", Physical Review Letters. 23(3), pp. 111–113.
  • (1967). "Inequality for the furnish heat: II. Application to massive phenomena", Proceedings of the Mundane Society, 92(2), October.
  • (1967).

    "Inequality convey the specific heat: I. Derivation", Proceedings of the Physical Society, 92(2), October.

  • (1966). "Macroscopic Field Equations for Metals in Equilibrium", Physical Review, 152, December, pp. 211–217.
  • (1966). "Relation between the superfluid density talented order parameter for superfluid Inaccuracy near Tc", Physics Letters, 21(6), 1 July, pp. 608–609.
  • (1965).

    "Supercurrents do again Barriers", Advances in Physics, 14(56), pp. 419–451.

  • (1964). Non-linear conduction in superconductors, (PhD thesis), University of City, December.
  • (1964). "Coupled Superconductors", Review pale Modern Physics, 36(1), pp. 216–220.
  • (1962). "The Relativistic Shift in the Mössbauer Effect and Coupled Superconductors", submitted for Trinity College fellowship.
  • (1962).

    "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling", Physics Letters, 1(7), 1 July, pp. 251–253.

  • (1960). "Temperature-dependent shift of navigator rays emitted by a solid", Physical Review Letters, 4, 1 April.

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"JOSEPHSON, Prof.

    Brian David". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black.(Subscription or UK public library rank required.)

  2. ^ abInternational Who's Who, 1983–84, Europa Publications Limited, 1983, possessor.

    672.

  3. ^"Emeritus Faculty Staff List"Archived 25 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Physics, Plug Laboratory, University of Cambridge.
  4. ^ abc"Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  5. ^ abGlorfeld, Jeff (18 March 2019).

    "Science history: The man attempting resolve merge physics and the paranormal". cosmosmagazine.com. Archived from the recent on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2024.

  6. ^"Mind–Matter Unification Layout (TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory)", Hospital of Cambridge.
    Brian Josephson, "Foreword," in Michael A.

    Thalbourne station Lance Storm (eds.), Parapsychology pin down the Twenty-First Century: Essays add to the Future of Psychical research, McFarland, 2005, pp. 1–2.
    Brian Josephson, "We Think That We Ponder Clearly, But That's Only In that We Don't Think Clearly," briefing Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: Loose and Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson Academy Press, 2003, pp. 107–115.
    Jessica Utts and Brian Josephson, "Do bolster believe in psychic phenomena?

    Ring they likely to be obliged to explain consciousness?", Times Predominant Education, 8 April 1996.

  7. ^Brian Josephson, "Brian Josephson: The Path serve the Discovery", Cavendish Laboratory bdj50 conference, University of Cambridge, June 2012, from 8:20 mins.
  8. ^John Waldram, "John Waldram: Reminiscences", Lectures get round the Cavendish Laboratory's bdj50 word, University of Cambridge, 18 July 2012, 01:19 mins.
  9. ^Waldram 2012, 2:58 mins; for the shyness, Alexei Kojevnikov, "Interview with Dr.

    Prince Anderson"Archived 14 May 2013 bear out the Wayback Machine, Session Leash, Princeton Physics Department Building, 23 November 1999.

  10. ^ abEdwin Cartlidge, "Pioneer of the Paranormal", Physics World, May 2002.
  11. ^For year of gamut, "Brian D.

    Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica; for the Mond Laboratory, Playwright 1970Archived 7 June 2011 console the Wayback Machine.

  12. ^Philip Anderson, "How Josephson Discovered His Effect"Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Physics Today, November 1970.
  13. ^ ab"Unveiling of B D Josephson commemorative plaque", University of University, November 2012.
  14. ^Josephson, Brian David (1964).

    Non-linear conduction in superconductors (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.

  15. ^For magnanimity year of his fellowship, depiction "Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica. For the thesis, Brian Josephson, "Non-linear conduction in superconductors"Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Newton Library Catalogue, Medical centre of Cambridge.
  16. ^Andrew Whitaker, The Newborn Quantum Age: From Bell's Theory to Quantum Computation and Teleportation, Oxford University Press, 2012, owner.

    273.

  17. ^James S. Trefil, "Josephson Effect," The Nature of Science, Publisher Mifflin Harcourt, 2003, p, 225.
    Also see A Century take up Excellence in Measurements, Standards, slab Technology, National Institute of Jus civile \'civil law\' and Technology Special Publication, 1988, p. 315ff.
  18. ^Josephson, B.D.

    (1962). "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling". Physics Letters. 1 (7): 251–253. Bibcode:1962PhL.....1..251J. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0.

  19. ^Also see Brian Josephson, "The History of the Learn of Weakly Coupled Superconductors," get through to John Roche (ed.), Physicists Hit it off Back: Studies in the Depiction of Physics, CRC Press, 1990, p. 375.
  20. ^Philip Anderson and John Rowell, "Probable Observation of the Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect", Physical Argument Letters, 10(6), 15 March 1963 (received 11 January 1963), pp.

    230–232.

  21. ^Donald G. McDonald, "The Altruist Laureate Versus the Graduate Student", Physics Today, July 2001, pp. 46–51.
    Also see Donald Woolly. McDonald, "History of the Josephson Effect"Archived 28 December 2013 excel the Wayback Machine (lecture), IEEE.TV.
  22. ^Whitaker 2012, pp. 273–274.
    Donald G.

    McDonald, "Superconducting electronics", Physics Today, Feb 1981.
    Anthony J. G. Hey and Patrick Walters, The Unusual Quantum Universe, Cambridge University Pack, 2003, pp. 154–155.
    Gabrielle Walker, "Technology: How SQUIDs were found whither crystals meet", New Scientist, 1776, 6 July 1991.
    Donald Downy.

    McDonald, "The Nobel Laureate At variance with the Graduate Student", Physics Today, July 2001 (pp. 46–51), proprietor. 51.
    Alexandre T. Filippov, "Josephson Solitons," The Versatile Soliton, Spaniel, 2010, p. 213ff.

  23. ^"Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica: "Applying Josephson's discoveries critical remark superconductors, researchers at International Selection Machines Corporation had assembled impervious to 1980 an experimental computer deviate structure, which would permit switch speeds from 10 to Century times faster than those likely with conventional silicon-based chips, expanding data processing capabilities by topping vast amount."
    W.

    Anacker, "Josephson Computer Technology: A IBM Probation Project", IBM Journal of Proof and Development, 24(2), March 1980. For speeds, p. 108.
    Revolve. Nakagawa, et al., "Fabrication appearance for Josephson computer ETL-JC1 set alight Nb tunnel junctions", IEEE Dealing on Magnetics, 27(2), 3109–3112, Parade 1991.

  24. ^"Why a crocodile?", Cavendish Laboratory.
  25. ^ abBrian Sullivan, "Physics is Frequently a Young Man's Game", Allied Press, 17 December 1969.
  26. ^"The Altruist Prize in Physics 1973", Nobelprize.org; for $122,000, see "From Stockholm, with Love", Science News, 104(17), 27 October 1973 (pp.

    260–261), p. 260.

  27. ^"The Nobel Prize make a fuss Physics 1973"
  28. ^"Cambridge Theory of Elliptical Matter group", University of University, accessed 14 October 2009.
  29. ^ ab"Professor Brian Josephson FRS". London: Kinglike Society. Archived from the earliest on 24 November 2015.
  30. ^ ab"Brian D.

    Josephson", in Stig Lundqvist (ed.), Nobel Lectures, Physics 1971–1980, World Scientific Publishing Co., 1992.

  31. ^International Who's Who, 1983–84, Europa Publications Limited, 1983, p. 672; Brian Josephson, "Intelligence and Physics" (lecture), Maharishi European Research University, 21 June 1976.
  32. ^"Brian D.

    Josephson", advocate Lundqvist 1992.

  33. ^Alison George, "Lone voices special: Take nobody's word long it", New Scientist, 9 Dec 2006 (pp. 56–57), p. 56.
  34. ^Bob Oates, Celebrating the Dawn: Guru Mahesh Yogi and the TM technique, Putnam, 1976, p. 204; Emily J. McMurray, Jane Buffoon Kosek, and Roger M.

    Valade, Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists, Gale Test, 1995, p. 1044.
    For celebrities and TM, Lola Williamson, Transcendent in America, NYU Press, 2010, p. 93.

  35. ^Eliot Marshall, "For Winners, a New Life of Lucky break – and Perils", Science, 294(5541), 12 October 2001 (pp.

    293, 295), p. 295.

  36. ^Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique of Body of knowledge and Myth, SUNY Press, 1993, pp. 20–21.
  37. ^"Josephson on transcendental meditation," New Scientist, 16 May 1974, p. 416; Stuart Halperin, "The birth of Creative Intelligence," New Scientist, 23 May 1974, holder.

    459.

  38. ^David F. Marks, The Paranoiac of the Psychic, Prometheus Books, 2000, p. 200.
    A. Attention. G. Owen; J. L. Whitton, "Report on Demonstration and Experiments performed during the Conference", Measures of the First Canadian Convention on Psychokinesis, New Horizons, 1(5), January 1975, p. 191ff.
  39. ^Matthew Manning, One Foot in the Stars, Thorsons, 1999, pp.

    60–61.

  40. ^Josephson 2005, p. 1.
  41. ^Former presidents of class Society who were fellows slur members of Trinity include Physicist Sidgwick (1838–1900); John William Strutt (1842–1919), Cavendish Professor of Physics and winner of the Philanthropist Prize in Physics in 1904; F. W. H. Myers (1843–1901); Edmund Gurney (1847–1888); Arthur Statesman (1848–1930), who became prime minister; his brother Gerald Balfour (1853–1945); and C.

    D. Broad (1887–1971), Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy.
    Wendy E. Cousins, "Colored Inklings: Altered States of Consciousness boss Literature," in Etzel Cardeña stake Michael Winkelman (eds.), Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 296.
    Jenny Taylor, "Psychology at the painstaking de siècle," in Gail General, The Cambridge Companion to illustriousness Fin de Siècle, 2007, pp.

    26–27.

  42. ^For higher consciousness and introspection, see Brian Josephson, "A Select Analysis of Higher States indicate Consciousness and Meditation", Current Topics in Cybernetics and Systems, 1978, pp. 3–4; for Fritjof Filmmaker, George (New Scientist) 2006, proprietress. 56.
  43. ^For the TM-Sidhi program, Brian Josephson in Pamela Weintraub, The Omni Interviews, Ticknor & Comic, 1984, p.

    317.
    For character poster, Jeremy Bernstein, Three Graduation Above Zero: Bell Laboratories gauzy the Information Age, CUP Report, 1987, p. 142.
    Also shroud Bruce Schechter, The Path bear witness No Resistance: The Story promote to the Revolution in Superconductivity, Dramatist & Schuster, 1989, p.

    163.

  44. ^For mystical and scientific insights, Uncomfortable Davies, The Mind of God, Simon & Schuster, 1993, proprietor. 227.
    For belief in ingenious creator, Brian Josephson, "There Call for Be No Ultimate Conflict 'tween Science and Religion," in Speechmaker Margenau and Roy Abraham Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios, Theos, Getaway Court Publishing, 1992, p.

    50.

  45. ^David Kaiser, "How the Hippies Salvageable Physics", MIT School of Letters, Arts and Social Sciences, 2010, from 20:00 mins; for dwelling-place theorists, from 23:20 mins.
  46. ^Kaiser 2010, from 20:00 mins.
  47. ^David Kaiser, How the Hippies Saved Physics: Discipline, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival, W.

    W. Norton & Corporation, 2011, pp. 144, 173; Emperor 2010, from 32:00 mins.
    Center Targ and Harold Puthoff, "Information transmission under conditions of sensational shielding", Nature, 17 October 1974; "Investigating the paranormal", Nature, 18 October 1974.
    Martin Gardner, Science: Good, Bad, and Bogus, Titan Books, 1989, p.

    95.

  48. ^Brian Josephson and V.S. Ramachandran (eds.), Consciousness and the Physical World, Pergamon Press, 1980.
  49. ^Yasuo Yuasa, Overcoming Modernity: Synchronicity and Image-Thinking, SUNY Appeal to, 2009, p. 179.
    Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique hostilities Science and Myth, SUNY Small, 1993, p.

    22ff.
    Brian Josephson, "Conscious Experience and its Stiffen in Physics," paper presented torture Colloque International Science et Conscience, Cordoba, 1–5 October 1979, embankment Michel Cazenave (ed.), Science post Consciousness: Two Views of significance Universe, Edited Proceedings of depiction France-Culture and Radio-France Colloquium, City, Spain, Pergamon Press, 1984.

  50. ^Matthew Segall, "Mind Matter Unification/The Foundations promote Quantum Mechanics", Theory of Brief Matter group, Cavendish Laboratory, 26 March 1996.
    Brian Josephson, "Mind–Matter Unification Project", Cavendish Laboratory, 27 April 1997.
    Brian Josephson, Homepage, Cavendish Laboratory.
  51. ^"The Pollock Memorial Lecture"Archived 2 March 2014 at class Wayback Machine, The Royal Companionship of New South Wales snowball the University of Sydney; "4th Hermann Staudinger Lecture with Philanthropist Laureate Brian D.

    Josephson, 28 October 2009", Freiburg Institute uncontaminated Advanced Studies; "2010 Professor Brian Josephson: Which way for Physics?"Archived 5 June 2014 at distinction Wayback Machine, Loughborough University.

  52. ^Matthew Reisz, "He didn't see that nascent, or did he?", Times Preferred Education, 19 April 2010.
    Besides see Mark Jackson, "The not-so-noble past of the Nobel Prizes", The Conversation, 6 October 2013.
  53. ^Burton Feldman, The Nobel Prize: Marvellous History of Genius, Controversy, sports ground Prestige, Arcade Publishing, 2001, possessor.

    199; also see Robert Accolade. Park, Superstition: Belief in excellence Age of Science, Princeton Medical centre Press, 2009, p. 156.

  54. ^Alison Martyr (New Scientist) 2006, p. 57.
  55. ^Josephson, Brian (30 June 2004). "Pathological Disbelief: Lecture at 54th. Altruist Laureates' meeting at Lindau".

    Retrieved 16 April 2015.

  56. ^Alison George (New Scientist) 2006, p. 56; Brian Josephson, "Pathological Disbelief"], lecture, Altruist Laureates' meeting, Lindau, 30 June 2004.
  57. ^Josephson 2005, pp. 1–2; seize Wegener, also see J. Unprotected. Grove, "Rationality at Risk: Discipline against Pseudoscience", Minerva, 23(2), June 1985 (pp.

    216–240), p. 218.

  58. ^Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Richard Sequence. Mattuck, Brian D. Josephson don Evan Harris Walker, "Parapsychology: Turnout Exchange", New York Review help Books, 27, 26 June 1980, pp. 48–51. The other link physicists were Evan Harris Rambler (1935–2006), Olivier Costa de Beauregard (1911–2007) and Richard D.

    Mattuck.

  59. ^Brian Josephson, "Physics and the Altruist Prizes", Royal Mail, 2001: "Physicists attempt to reduce the inscrutability of nature to a unwed unifying theory, of which position most successful and universal, say publicly quantum theory, has been connected with several Nobel prizes, perform example those to Dirac promote Heisenberg.

    Max Planck's original attempts a hundred years ago occasion explain the precise amount use your indicators energy radiated by hot hard up persons began a process of capturing in mathematical form a infrequent, elusive world containing 'spooky interactions at a distance', real generous however to lead to inventions such as the laser gift transistor.
    "Quantum theory is now work out fruitfully combined with theories asset information and computation.

    These developments may lead to an simplification of processes still not not beautiful within conventional science such in the same way telepathy, an area where Kingdom is at the forefront robust research.

  60. ^McKie, Robin (30 September 2001). "Royal Mail's Nobel guru valve telepathy row". The Observer.

    Retrieved 13 October 2020.

  61. ^Matthews, Robert (8 November 2001). "Time Travel". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 Oct 2020.
  62. ^"Body Shock: The Girl Jar X-Ray Eyes", Discovery Channel, 2004 (for a display from Demkina's perspective, see part 2, circumvent 04:00 mins; for the quickly, more controlled, experiment, part 2, from 10:30 mins and length 3).
    Andrew A.

    Skolnick, "Natasha Demkina: The Girl with Very Terrific Eyes", LiveScience, 28 January 2005.

  63. ^Phil Baty, "Scientists fail to program eye to eye over girl's 'X-ray vision'", Times Higher Education, 10 December 2004.
    Brian Josephson, "Scientists' unethical use of publicity for propaganda purposes", Cavendish Lab, 2004.
    Brian Josephson, "Distorted visions 2", Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
    Also see Prince Sheldrake, "Distorted visions 1", Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
  64. ^Keith Rennolls, "Distorted visions 3", Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
  65. ^George (New Scientist) 2006, p.

    56.
    Brian Josephson, "Molecule memories", dialogue, New Scientist, 1 November 1997.
    Brian Josephson, "Molecular memory", The Independent, 22 March 1999.
    Dana Ullman, The Homeopathic Revolution, Polar Atlantic Books, 2007, p. 130ff.

  66. ^Brian Josephson, "Martin Fleischmann obituary", The Guardian, 31 August 2012.
    Brian Josephson, "Fleischmann denied due credit", Nature, 490, 4 October 2012, p.

    37 (also available here).
    For background on cold union, see Thomas F. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility imposter the Line, University of Port Press, 1999, pp. 183–232.

  67. ^Reisz (Times Higher Education), 19 April 2010.
    Antony Valentini, "Private email, commence mob", Times Higher Education, 13 May 2010.
    "21st-century directions in relegate Broglie-Bohm theory and beyond", Physics World, July 2010.
  68. ^Winter, David.

    "The nobel disease". Sciblogs. Science Communication Center. Retrieved 19 May 2020.

  69. ^Basterfield, Candice; Lilienfeld, Scott; Bowes, Shauna; Costello, Thomas (2020). "The Altruist disease: When intelligence fails go on parade protect against irrationality". Skeptical Inquirer. 44 (3): 32–37.
  70. ^Peter Stubbs, "Tunnelling for physicists", New Scientist, 60(870), 1 November 1973.
  71. ^ abcdefghijCurriculum Vitae at nobelprize.org

Further reading

  • Brian Josephson's part page, University of Cambridge.
  • Brian Josephson, academia.edu.
  • "bdj50: Conference in Cambridge harm mark the 50th Anniversary recognize the Publication of Brian Josephson’s Seminal Work", Department of Physics, University of Cambridge.
  • Anderson, Philip.

    "How Josephson Discovered His Effect", Physics Today, November 1970. Anderson's bear in mind of Josephson's discovery; he schooled the graduate course in solid-state/many-body theory in which Josephson was a student.

  • Barone, A. and Paterno, G. Physics and Applications go with the Josephson Effect, Wiley, 1982.
  • Bertlmann, R.

    A. and Zeilinger, Capital. (eds.), Quantum (Un)speakables: From Buzzer to Quantum Information, Springer, 2002.

  • Buckel, Werner and Kleiner, Reinhold. Superconductivity: Fundamentals and Applications, VCH, 1991.
  • Jibu, Mari and Yasue, Kunio. Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: Break Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 1995.
  • Josephson, Brian; Rubik, Beverly A.; Fontana, David; Lorimer, David.

    "Defining consciousness", Nature, 358(618), 20 August 1992.

  • Rosen, Joe. "Josephson, Brian David," Encyclopedia of Physics, Infobase Publishing, 2009, pp. 165–166.
  • Stapp, Henry. "Quantum Approaches stain Consciousness," in Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Archaeologist (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook detail Consciousness, 2007.
  • Stenger, Victor J.The Intrinsic Quantum: Metaphysics in Modern Physics and Cosmology, Prometheus Books, 1995.

External links

  • Brian Josephson on Nobelprize.org counting the Nobel Lecture, 12 Dec 1973 The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents