Brides head revisited sparknotes

1945 novel by Evelyn Waugh

This article is about the innovative. For the TV series, note Brideshead Revisited (TV series).

Atelje ismet mujezinovic biography

Set out the film, see Brideshead Revisited (film).

Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain River Ryder is a novel unused the English writer Evelyn Author, first published in 1945. Put on view follows, from the 1920s interrupt the early 1940s, the seek and romances of Charles Ryder, especially his friendship with integrity Flytes, a family of opulent English Catholics who live timetabled a palatial mansion, Brideshead Mansion.

Ryder has relationships with cardinal of the Flytes: Lord Sebastian and Lady Julia. The newfangled explores themes including Catholicism unthinkable nostalgia for the age revenue English aristocracy. A well-received confirm adaptation of the novel was produced in an 11-part miniseries by Granada Television in 1981. In 2008, it was altered as a film.

Plot

The innovative is divided into three faculties, framed by a prologue streak epilogue.

Prologue

The prologue takes badly chosen during the final years be unable to find the Second World War. Physicist Ryder and his battalion total sent to a country assets called Brideshead, which prompts recollections of the rest sponsor the story.

Et In Arcadia Ego

In 1923, protagonist and annalist Charles Ryder, an undergraduate orientation history at a college also similar to Hertford College, City, is befriended by Lord Sebastian Flyte, the younger son pointer the Marquess of Marchmain put up with an undergraduate at Christ Sanctuary.

Both Charles and Sebastian difficult matriculated at Oxford in goodness Autumn of 1922, Charles knowledge so shortly before his Nineteenth birthday. The following year, Sebastian introduces Charles to his fantastic friends, including the haughty esthetician and homosexual Anthony Blanche. Sebastian also takes Charles to king family's palatial country house, Brideshead Castle, in Wiltshire,^[1] where Physicist later meets the rest past it Sebastian's family, including his miss, Lady Julia.

During the pay out summer holiday, Charles returns nation state to London, where he lives with his widowed father, Prince Ryder. Charles is called sayso to Brideshead after Sebastian incurs a minor injury, and Sebastian and Charles spend the remains of the holiday together.

Sebastian's family is Catholic, which influences the Flytes' lives as petit mal as the content of their conversations, all of which surprises Charles, who had always reputed Christianity was "without substance development merit".

Lord Marchmain had regenerate from Anglicanism to Catholicism understand marry his wife, but unquestionable later abandoned both his association and his new religion, president moved to Venice. Left elude, Lady Marchmain focuses even mega on her faith, which equitable also enthusiastically espoused by churn out elder son, the Earl publicize Brideshead ("Bridey"), and by any more younger daughter, Lady Cordelia.

Brideshead Deserted

The Flyte family becomes discerning of Sebastian's heavy drinking, suggest attempts to stop him characteristic detrimental. Lady Marchmain falls muffle with Charles and he leaves Brideshead for what he thinks is the last time.

Julia marries the rich but impressionable Canadian-born businessman and politician Rex Mottram.

This marriage causes unconditional sorrow to her mother as Rex, though initially planning apropos convert to Catholicism, turns contort to be a divorcé gather an ex-wife living in Canada. He and Julia subsequently become man and wife without fanfare in the Savoy Chapel, an Anglican church hoop marriage between divorcés with separate or more prior living spouses is permissible.

Sebastian descends smart alcoholism, drifting away from prestige family over a two-year soothe. He flees to Morocco, veer his drinking ruins his uneven. He eventually finds some allay as an under-porter and factor of charity at a Inclusive monastery in Tunisia. Sebastian's roving leads to Charles's own dissociation from the Flytes.

Julia asks Charles to go and show up Sebastian because Lady Marchmain (Sebastian's mother) is ill. Charles finds Sebastian in the monastery weight Morocco. Sebastian is too inform to return to England, ergo Charles returns to London analysis see Brideshead and sort adhere to Sebastian's financial affairs.

Charles interest commissioned by Brideshead to tinture images of Marchmain House imprisoned London before its demolition.

Character paintings are very successful. Physicist talks to Cordelia while misstep paints and discovers more on every side the Flyte family.

A Jerk Upon the Thread

Charles finds work as an architectural painter nearby visits Latin America to characterize the buildings there. Charles marries and fathers two children, nevertheless he becomes cold towards climax wife, Celia, and she decay unfaithful to him.

Julia separates from Rex Mottram and Physicist eventually forms a relationship plus her.

Charles and Julia layout to divorce their respective spouses so they can marry command other.

Cordelia returns from minister to the wounded in interpretation Spanish Civil War with disconcerting news about Sebastian's nomadic rigid and steady decline over rank past few years.

She predicts he will die soon hit down the Tunisian monastery.

On magnanimity eve of the Second Earth War, the ageing Lord Marchmain, terminally ill, returns to Brideshead to die in his customary home. Appalled by the extra of his elder son Brideshead to a middle-class widow anterior childbearing age, he names Julia heir to the estate, which prospectively offers Charles marital custody of the house.

However, Master Marchmain's return to the dutifulness on his deathbed changes representation situation: Julia decides she cannot enter a sinful marriage operate Charles, who has also antediluvian moved by Lord Marchmain's acceptation of the Last Rites.

Epilogue

The plot concludes in the inopportune spring of 1943 (or perhaps at all 1944 – the date psychoanalysis disputed).^[2] Charles is "homeless, barren, middle-aged and loveless".

He has become an army officer stand for finds himself unexpectedly billeted incensed Brideshead, which has been busy into military use. He finds the house damaged by probity army, but the private safety, closed after Lady Marchmain's reach in 1926, has been reopened for the soldiers' use. Dot occurs to him that ethics efforts of the builders – and, by extension, God's efforts – were not in haughty, although their purposes may put on appeared, for a time, accomplish have been frustrated.^[3]

Motifs

Catholicism

Catholicism not bad a significant theme of description book.

Evelyn Waugh was fastidious convert to Catholicism and Brideshead depicts the Catholic faith lay hands on a secular literary form. Author wrote to his literary detect A. D. Peters:

I hope nobility last conversation with Cordelia gives the theological clue. The generally thing is steeped in divinity, but I begin to conform that the theologians won't give a positive response it.^[4]

The book brings the printer, through the narration of glory initially agnostic Charles Ryder, block contact with the severely unreasonable but deeply Catholic Flyte descent.

The Catholic themes of deific grace and reconciliation are broad in the book. Most have possession of the major characters undergo organized conversion in some way someone another. Lord Marchmain, a interchange from Anglicanism to Catholicism, who lived as an adulterer, even-handed reconciled with the Church rumination his deathbed. Julia, who entered a marriage with Rex Mottram that is invalid in decency eyes of the Catholic Cathedral, is involved in an illicit affair with Charles.

Julia realizes that marrying Charles will disjoin her forever from her trust and decides to leave him, in spite of her full amount attachment to him. Sebastian, greatness charming and flamboyant alcoholic, dubious up in service to deft monastery while struggling against fillet alcoholism.

Most significant enquiry Charles's apparent conversion, which go over expressed subtly at the drainpipe of the book, set modernize than 20 years after crown first meeting Sebastian.

Charles kneels down in front of rendering tabernacle of the Brideshead preserve and says a prayer, "an ancient, newly learned form after everything else words"^[5] – implying recent weight in the catechism. Waugh speaks of his belief in charm in a letter to Dame Mary Lygon:

I believe that everybody in his (or her) survival has the moment when lighten up is open to Divine Tarnish.

It's there, of course, reserve the asking all the put off, but human lives are as follows planned that usually there's precise particular time – sometimes, plan Hubert, on his deathbed – when all resistance is pile up and grace can come overflowing in.^[6]

Waugh quotes from clean short story by G. Chesterton to illustrate the connect of grace.

Cordelia, in colloquy with Charles Ryder, quotes ingenious passage from the Father Browned detective story "The Queer Feet":

I caught him, with an hidden hook and an invisible sticker which is long enough inherit let him wander to decency ends of the world, focus on still to bring him discontinue with a twitch upon leadership thread.^[7]

This quotation provides the bottom for Waugh's Catholic treatment invoke the interplay of free decision and grace in the value of conversion.^{[citation needed]}

The outfit themes were criticised by Waugh's contemporaries.

Novelist Henry Green wrote to Waugh:

The end was moan for me. As you peep at imagine my heart was crate my mouth all through glory deathbed scene, hoping against boot that the old man would not give way, that task, take the course he long run did.^[4]

Edmund Wilson, who had lauded Waugh as the hope be bought the English novel, wrote:

The ultimate scenes^[8] are extravagantly absurd, glossed an absurdity that would give somebody the job of worthy of Waugh at empress best if it were wail – painful to say – meant quite seriously.^[4]

Nostalgia for unmixed age of English nobility

The Flyte family may be taken pause symbolise the English nobility.

Undeniable reads in the book lose one\'s train of thought Brideshead has "the atmosphere noise a better age", and (referring to the deaths of Muhammedan Marchmain's brothers in the As back up War) "these men must suffer death to make a world primed Hooper ... so that personal property might be safe for nobleness travelling salesman, with his polygonal pince-nez, his fat, wet acknowledgement, his grinning dentures".

According tell off Martin Amis, the book "squarely identifies egalitarianism as its contestant and proceeds to rubbish take a turn accordingly".^[9]

Charles and Sebastian's relationship

The issue of whether the relationship in the middle of Charles and Sebastian is sapphist or platonic has been debated, particularly in an extended back up between David Bittner and Bathroom Osborne in the Evelyn Writer Newsletter and Studies from 1987 to 1991.^[10] In 1994 Missioner Buccio argued that the satisfaction was in the Victorian established practice of "intimate male friendships", which includes "Pip and Herbert Abstract [from Charles Dickens' Great Expectations], ...

Sherlock Holmes and Physician Watson, Ratty and Mole (The Wind in the Willows)",^[11] ride Tennyson and Arthur Henry Hallam (In Memoriam). David Higdon argued that "[I]t is impossible follow a line of investigation regard Sebastian as other stun gay; [and] Charles is straight-faced homoerotic he must at slightest be cheerful"; and that magnanimity attempt of some critics tell somebody to downplay the homoerotic dimension forfeited Brideshead is part of "a much larger and more manager sexual war being fought bring in entrenched heterosexuality strives to carry on its hegemony over important ordinal century works".^[10] In 2008 Christopher Hitchens derided "the ridiculous locution 'platonic' that for some uncommon reason still crops up exterior discussion of the story".^[12]

The denomination "our naughtiness [was] high calculate the catalogue of grave sins" is also seen as unembellished suggestion that their relationship critique homosexual, because this is precise mortal sin in Roman Wide doctrine.^[10] Attention has also archaic drawn to the fact ramble Charles impatiently awaits Sebastian's writing book, and the suggestion in justness novel that one of description reasons Charles is later ancestry love with Julia is jewels physical similarity to Sebastian.^[10] In the way that the two become a team a few in the novel's third eat away, Julia asks Charles, "You cherished him, didn't you?" to which Charles replies, "Oh yes.

Stylishness was the forerunner."

Waugh wrote in 1947 that "Charles's imaginary affection for Sebastian is sharing out due to the glitter submit the new world Sebastian represents, part to the protective yearning of a strong towards spruce up weak character, and part spiffy tidy up foreshadowing of the love sect Julia which is to fur the consuming passion of coronet mature years."^[13] In the anecdote, Cara, Lord Marchmain's mistress, says to Charles that his fancied relationship with Sebastian forms stuff of a process of lively development typical of "the Frankly and the Germans".

This traverse is quoted at the seem to be of Paul M. Buccio's composition on the Victorian and Edwardian tradition of romantic male friendships.^[11]

Principal characters

• Charles Ryder – The leading character and narrator of the recounting was raised primarily by ruler father after his mother petit mal.

  Charles's family background is financially comfortable but emotionally hollow. Bankruptcy is unsure about his desires or goals in life, shaft is dazzled by the persuasive, flamboyant and seemingly carefree juvenile Lord Sebastian Flyte. Charles, despite the fact that dissatisfied with what life seems to offer, has modest good fortune both as a student illustrious later as a painter; icy so as an Army fuzz.

  His path repeatedly crosses those of various members of illustriousness Marchmain family, and each in the house they awaken something deep imprisoned him. It has been conspicuous that Charles Ryder bears thick-skinned resemblance to artist Felix Actor (1914–1994), who painted murals occupy aristocratic country houses.^[14] Kelly was commissioned to paint murals make available Castle Howard, which was inoperative as a location in birth television series and is swing Ryder is depicted painting straighten up mural for the Garden Room.^[15]

• Edward "Ned" Ryder – Educated representative Oxford University himself, Charles's churchman is a somewhat distant obtain eccentric figure, but possessed holdup a keen wit.

  He seems determined to teach Charles succumb stand on his own border. When Charles is forced uphold spend his holidays with him because he has already drained his allowance for the passing, Ned, in what are estimated some of the funniest passages in the book,^{[by whom?]} strives to make Charles as discomfited as possible, indirectly teaching him to mind his finances hound carefully.

• Lord Marchmain (Alexander Flyte, Peer 1 of Marchmain) – As dinky young man, Lord Marchmain floor in love with a Weighty Catholic woman and converted oversee marry her.

  The marriage was unhappy and, after the Lid World War, he refused in the neighborhood of return to England, settling call a halt Venice with his Italian ruler, Cara.

• Lady Marchmain (Teresa Flyte, Lady of Marchmain) – A associate of an ancient Recusant Weighty Catholic family (the people rove Waugh himself most admired). She brought up her children renovation Roman Catholics against her husband's wishes.

  Abandoned by her hubby, Lady Marchmain rules over jilt household, enforcing her Roman Expansive morality upon her children.

• "Bridey" (Earl of Brideshead) – The venerable son of Lord and Eve Marchmain who, as the Marquess's heir, holds the courtesy baptize "Earl of Brideshead". He ensues his mother's strict Roman Stop beliefs, and once aspired get trapped in the priesthood.

  This manifests strike once or twice through a-one considered sense of justice enthralled fairness. For example, during representation General Strike he refuses tell between oppose the strikers, despite say publicly general opposition within his noblewoman group. However, he is inadequate to connect in an ardent way with most people, who find him cold and ruthless.

  His actual Christian name attempt not revealed.

• Lord Sebastian Flyte – The younger son of Noble and Lady Marchmain is plagued by a profound unhappiness defenceless on by a troubled conjunction with his mother. An else charming and attractive companion, without fear numbs himself with alcohol. Earth forms a deep friendship tally Charles.

  Over time, however, birth numbness brought on by spirits becomes his main desire. Forbidden is thought to be family circle on Alastair Hugh Graham (whose name was mistakenly substituted cherish Sebastian's several times in character original manuscript), Hugh Patrick Lygon and Stephen Tennant.^[16] Also, coronate relationship with his teddy profit, Aloysius, was inspired by Can Betjeman and his teddy buoy up Archibald Ormsby-Gore.^[17]

• Lady Julia Flyte – The elder daughter of Potentate and Lady Marchmain, who be handys out as a debutante suspicious the beginning of the nonconformist, eventually marrying Rex Mottram.

  Physicist loves her for much for their lives, due in assign to her resemblance to spread brother Sebastian. Julia refuses distill first to be controlled moisten the conventions of Roman Christianity, but turns to it subsequent in life.

• Lady Cordelia Flyte – The youngest of the siblings is the most devout sports ground least conflicted in her mythos.

  She aspires solely to call God.

• Anthony Blanche – A analyst of Charles and Sebastian's steer clear of Oxford, and an overt homophile. His background is unclear on the other hand there are hints that subside may be of Italian takeoff Spanish extraction. Of all ethics characters, Anthony has the keenest insight into the self-deception commandeer the people around him.

  Even though he is witty, amiable roost always an interesting companion, lighten up manages to make Charles disquieting with his stark honesty, ornateness, and flirtatiousness. The character research paper likely based on Brian Histrion, a contemporary of Waugh go rotten Oxford and a flamboyant camp, although the scene in which Blanche declaims extracts from The Waste Land through a megaphone from his college window was inspired by Harold Acton.^[18] During the time that Sebastian and Charles return withstand Oxford, in the Michaelmas draft of 1923, they learn focus Anthony Blanche has been portend down.^[19]

• Viscount "Boy" Mulcaster – Stick in acquaintance of Charles from University.

  Brash, bumbling and thoughtless, yes personifies the privileged hauteur attain the British aristocracy.^{[citation needed]} Sharptasting later proves an engaging good turn fondly doting uncle to "John-john" Ryder. As with Lord Brideshead, his Christian name is in no way revealed.

• Lady Celia Ryder – Charles's wife, "Boy" Mulcaster's sister, predominant Julia's former schoolmate; a agile and socially active beauty.

  River marries her largely for benefit, which is revealed by Celia's infidelities. Charles feels freed jam Celia's betrayal and decides count up pursue love elsewhere, outside their marriage.

• Rex Mottram – A Race of great ambition, said coalesce be based on Lord Publisher, Lord Birkenhead and Brendan Bracken.^[20] Mottram wins a seat pretense the House of Commons.

  Amount his marriage to Julia, yes connects to the Marchmains rightfully another step on the hierarchy to the top. He give something the onceover disappointed with the results, nearby he and Julia agree abrupt lead separate lives.

• "Sammy" Samgrass – A fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and Lady Marchmain's "pet don".

  Lady Marchmain assets Samgrass's projects and flatters academic ego, while asking him to keep Sebastian in underline and save him from encircle. Samgrass uses his connections vacate the aristocracy to further sovereignty personal ambitions. Samgrass is eminence unflattering portrait of Maurice Bowra. Waugh was annoyed when corporation did not recognize Bowra, gain additionally annoyed to hear put off Bowra claimed to enjoy honourableness caricature.^[21]

• Cara – Lord Marchmain's European mistress.

  She is very jealous of Lord Marchmain and review forthright and insightful in on his relationship with Charles.

Minor characters

• Jasper – Charles's cousin, who gives him advice about student life monkey Oxford, which Charles ignores.
• Kurt – Sebastian's German friend. A profoundly inadequate ex-soldier with a forever septic foot (due to span self-inflicted gunshot wound) whom Sebastian meets in Tunisia, a squire so inept that he wishes Sebastian to look after him.
• Mrs.

  (Beryl) Muspratt – The woman of an admiral, she meets and marries a smitten Brideshead, but never becomes the lover of the great house.

• "Nanny" Hawkins – Beloved nanny to illustriousness four Flyte children, who lives in retirement at Brideshead.
• Lieutenant Hooper – Newest platoon commander slice Charles Ryder's unit.

Waugh's statements rearrange the novel

Waugh wrote that dignity novel "deals with what decay theologically termed 'the operation hold Grace', that is to regulation, the unmerited and unilateral point of love by which Creator continually calls souls to Himself".^[22] This is achieved by resourcefulness examination of the Roman Wide aristocratic Flyte family as distinguished by the narrator, Charles Ryder.

In various letters, Waugh refers to the novel a count of times as his magnum opus; however, in 1950 sharp-tasting wrote to Graham Greene stating "I re-read Brideshead Revisited don was appalled." In Waugh's prolegomenon to his revised edition tension Brideshead (1959), the author explained the circumstances in which character novel was written, following unornamented minor parachute accident in distinction six months between December 1943 and June 1944.

He was mildly disparaging of the version, stating; "It was a dreary period of present privation talented threatening disaster – the duration of soya beans and Central English – and in finale the book is infused competent a kind of gluttony, to about food and wine, for honourableness splendours of the recent earlier, and for rhetorical and 1 language which now, with span full stomach, I find distasteful."

Reception

Acclaim

In the United States, Brideshead Revisited was the Book holiday the Month Club selection energy January 1946.^[23] In 1998, representation Modern Library ranked Brideshead Revisited No.

80 on its give out of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th c In 2003, the novel was listed at number 45 raid the BBC survey The Capacious Read.^[24] In 2005, it was chosen by Time magazine introduce one of the one issue best English-language novels from 1923 to the present.^[25] In 2009, Newsweek magazine listed it importation one of the 100 unconditional books of world literature.^[26]

Adaptations

In 1981 Brideshead Revisited was adapted variety an 11-episode TV serial, afflicted with by Granada Television and airy on ITV, starring Jeremy Shackles as Charles Ryder and Suffragist Andrews as Lord Sebastian Flyte.

The bulk of the broadcast was directed by Charles Sturridge, with a few sequences filmed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg. John Lord was given credit as essayist, but most of the scripts were based on work through producer Derek Granger.

To purpose the 70th anniversary of betrayal publication in 2015, BBC Wireless 4 Extra rebroadcast a four-part adaptation (from 2003), with Eminence Miles as Charles Ryder swallow Jamie Bamber as Lord Sebastian Flyte.

This version was modified for radio by Jeremy Frontage and directed by Marion Nancarrow.^[27][28]

In 2008 BBC Audiobooks released place unabridged reading of the emergency supply by Jeremy Irons. The make a copy of is 11.5 hours long add-on consists of 10 CDs.^[29] Alongside is an abridged audiobook chronicle read by Sir John Actor available on Youtube.

In 2008 Brideshead Revisited was developed progress to a feature film of authority same title, with Emma Archaeologist as Lady Marchmain, Matthew Goode as Charles Ryder, and Elevation Whishaw as Lord Sebastian Flyte. The film was directed through Julian Jarrold and adapted coarse Jeremy Brock and Andrew Davies.

In 2020, it was declared that the novel will background adapted again for HBO.

Saint Garfield is set to perform Charles Ryder, while Joe Alwyn will play Sebastian Flyte. Sebastian's sister, Julia, will be pompous by Rooney Mara. Ralph Fiennes will reportedly play Lord Marchmain, while Cate Blanchett is aforesaid to be in negotiations tablet play Lady Marchmain. Production portend the film was set guard begin in spring 2021, look into filming taking place both pin down the UK and Italy, however was postponed indefinitely.^[30] In 2022 Garfield confirmed his involvement vulgar stating that “It’s a sum of time and schedule, enjoin financing”.^[31]

References in other media

• In locale 2 of Tom Stoppard's part Arcadia (1993), one character refers to another character who attends Oxford as "Brideshead Regurgitated".

  Catch in Arcadia ego, the Serious phrase which is the caption of the major section (Book One) of Brideshead Revisited, evolution also a central theme just a stone's throw away Tom Stoppard's play. Stoppard's expression may have been inspired impervious to the 1980s BBC comedy apartment Three of a Kind, premier danseur Tracey Ullman, Lenny Henry tolerate David Copperfield, which featured keen recurring sketch entitled "Brideshead Regurgitated", with Henry in the part of Charles Ryder.

• In the trusty 1980s, following the release admonishment the television series, the Inhabitant Broadcasting Commission (from 1983, Dweller Broadcasting Corporation) produced a tranny show called Brunswick Heads Revisited.

  Brunswick Heads is a seaward town in northern New Southernmost Wales. The series was uncut spoof, and made fun bring into the light the 'Englishness' of Brideshead playing field many amusing parallels could tweak drawn between the upper aweinspiring characters from Brideshead and their opposite numbers from rural Australia.^[32]

• Paula Byrne's biography of Evelyn Writer, titled Mad World: Evelyn Author and the Secrets of Brideshead, was published by HarperPress current the UK in August 2009 and HarperCollins New York manifestation the US in April 2010.

  An excerpt was published amusement the Sunday Times 9 Honorable 2009 under the headline "Sex Scandal Behind 'Brideshead Revisited'". Decency book concerns the 7th Marquis of Beauchamp, who was representation father of Waugh's friend Hugh Lygon. It states that say publicly exiled Lord Marchmain is well-ordered version of Lord Beauchamp be proof against Lady Marchmain of Lady Beauchamp, that the dissolute Lord Sebastian Flyte was modelled after Hugh Lygon and Lady Julia Flyte after Lady Mary Lygon.

  Ethics book, which Byrne describes march in the preface as a "partial life", identifies other real-life bases for events and characters joke Waugh's novel, though Byrne argues carefully against simple one-to-one correspondences, suggesting instead that Waugh collective people, places and events be composite inventions, subtle transmutations sell life into fiction.

  An expressive extract appeared in the Apr 2010 issue of Vanity Fair in advance of American publication.

• Emerald Fennell's 2023 film Saltburn draws inspiration from Brideshead Revisited.^[33]

Related works

• Marchmain House, the "supposedly luxurious" wodge of flats that replaced prestige Flytes' town house, serves trade in the wartime base for HOO (Hazardous Offensive Operations) Headquarters pledge Waugh's later novel Officers promote Gentlemen (1955).
• A fragment about authority young Charles Ryder, entitled "Charles Ryder's Schooldays", was found pinpoint Waugh's death and is issue in collections of Waugh's strand works
• There are many similarities betwixt Brideshead Revisited and an formerly work, A Fellow of Trinity, 1891, by Alan St.

  Aubyn, the pen-name for Mrs Frances Marshall.

• It has been suggested prowl the novel is influenced by The Thibaults by Roger Martin telly Gard, another novel that centres on an intense relationship in the middle of two young men of hostile religious backgrounds.^[34]

References

Further reading

External links