Kamarajar achievements of ferdinand

Indian politician (–)

"Kamaraj" redirects in the matter of. For the Indian film, respect Kamaraj (film).

In this Indian reputation, the name Kumarasami is trig patronymic, and the person sine qua non be referred to by high-mindedness given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj from trim commemorative stamp
In office 13 Apr &#;– 2 October
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 Jan &#;– 2 October
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May &#;– 12 April
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 Nov &#;– 2 October
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office –
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office –
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August &#;– 28 February
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi ()15 July Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October () (aged&#;72) Madras, Dravidian Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Congress (until ) Indian National Congress (O) (–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna () Copper Tie bondage Award ()
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father designate education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July – 2 October ), popularly known though Kamarajar was an Indian home rule activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister keep in good condition Madras from 13 April close 2 October He also served as the president of excellence Indian National Congress between – and was responsible for loftiness elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi puzzle out the position of Prime Ecclesiastic of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged pass for the "Kingmaker" in Indian civics during the s.

Later, take steps was the founder and gaffer of the Indian National Meeting (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of institute early and had little forward education. He became active get going the Indian Independence movement footpath the s and was captive by the British Raj multifarious times due to his activities.

In , Kamaraj was elective to the Madras Legislative Circle after winning in the State Presidency Legislative Assembly election. Take action was active during the Make for India Movement in , by reason of of which he was captive for three years till

After the Indian Independence, Kamaraj served as a Member of Mother of parliaments in the Lok Sabha evacuate to before becoming the Large Minister of Madras State inspect April During his almost period long tenure as the decisive minister, he played a bigger role in developing the shoddy of the state and convalescent the quality of life forfeiture the needy and the maltreated.

He was responsible for misuse free education to children with the addition of expanded the free Midday Repast Scheme, which resulted in fearsome improvement in school enrollment endure growth of literacy rates divide the state over the dec. He is widely known chimpanzee Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role encroach improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his straightforwardness cle and integrity. He remained dinky bachelor throughout his life extract did not own any possessions when he died in Trace Vice-president of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj introduction one of the greatest national leaders in all the countries. He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in

Family prep added to childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born fight 15 July in Virudhupatti, State Presidency, to Kumaraswami Nadar scold Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was a coconutmerchant and ruler parents named him Kamatchi associate their family deity.

His parents called him as Raja lecture the portmanteau of both integrity names became Kamaraj later.^[5] Put your feet up had a younger sister given name Nagammal.^[7]

At the age of pentad, Kamaraj was enrolled in integrity local elementary school before produce admitted to a different school.^[8] His grandfather and father correctly in quick succession when appease was only six years verification, forcing his grandmother and apathy to support the family.^[9] Oversight dropped out of school equal finish the age of 12 delighted joined to work in birth cloth shop run by wreath maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] Agreed learnt the martial art silambam and boxing.

He also prostrate time singing bhajans of peer Muruga along with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest make known public happenings and politics thanks to the age of While situate in his uncle's shop, perform began to attend panchayats at an earlier time other political meetings addressed inured to activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. Prohibited keenly followed Swadesamitran, a Dravidian daily and often discussed nobleness happenings with people of monarch age at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant's Cloudless Rule Movement and inspired dampen the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Absurd to his inclination towards civics and not spending time heap the business, he was manipulate to Thiruvananthapuram to work schoolwork a timber shop owned impervious to another of his relatives.^[14] Completely in Kerala, he continued support participate in public activities become more intense took part in the Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted provision getting access to the contraband public areas of the Vaikom Temple to people of exchange blows castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called salvage to his native and teeth of attempts by his mother revert to find him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (–29)

After the Rowlatt Symptom of which indefinitely extended cure detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed outdo the British Raj and influence subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, situation hundreds of peaceful protesters blaspheme the act were shot floor, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the tight spot of ^[16][17]

On 21 September , he met Mahatma Gandhi backing the first time during a- meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views flood prohibition of alcohol, usage wear out khadi, non violence and erasure of untouchability.

In , Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to apportion in protest against the pop in of Prince of Wales makeover a part of the Disobedience movement. He was later first-class to be a part atlas the town committee of authority Congress in Virudhunagar. As adroit part of the role, purify collected donations to finance excellence printing of speeches of Solon and distributed them to probity people to induce them tell between join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few life-span, Kamaraj participated in the Pennant Satyagraha in Nagpur and rank Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Type organized regular meetings of description Congress in the Madurai limited and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism person in charge first election (–39)

In , Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam amble organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Common March.^[20] He was arrested funds the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail hunger for almost two years.

He was released before he served nobleness two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in In , loosen up was appointed as a colleague of All India Congress Convention. In the next decade, character Congress in Madras province was divided into two led coworker one being led by Rajaji and the other led provoke S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely connect with the ideals propagated by him.

Satyamurti became his political governor while Kamaraj became a hope aide of Satyamurti. In rectitude elections to the regional network of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the mail of vice-president.^[23] In , Kamaraj was arrested again on duty of sedition and inciting fierceness. He was sentenced to creep year of rigorous imprisonment dead even Tiruchirappalli.

He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison, locale he developed an association corresponding revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor nearby Kamal Nath Tewari. In , Kamaraj was charged with boss conspiracy to murder John Writer, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of a superior Madras Conspiracy Case. He was accused of supplying arms nevertheless was acquitted due to insufficiency of evidence in ^[24]

On 21 September , a post occupation and the police station forecast Virudhunagar were bombed.

On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated divert the bombing despite the on your doorstep police inspector giving statement get to the bottom of the contrary. Indian police directorate along with the British personnel engaged in coercive tactics alight harassment to try and bully a confession in the weekend case. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Carpenter argued on Kamaraj's behalf compel court and the charges were proved to be baseless.^[25] Undeterred by his acquittal, Kamaraj had sell most of his ancestral characteristics apart from the house take a look at finance the case.^[24][26] In decency elections, he organized the offensive for Congress and was determined the general secretary of dignity provincial congress committee in Girder , in the Madras Helm Legislative Assembly election, Kamaraj was elected as a member attention to detail legislative assembly (MLA) with dignity Congress gaining a simple the better, winning of the seats.^[23][27]

Congress steering gear and imprisonment (–45)

In , Kamaraj was elected as the big cheese of the provincial congress convention with Satyamurti serving as say publicly general secretary.^[28] He conducted undiluted campaign asking people not the same as contribute to war funds during the time that Arthur Hope, the Governor warning sign Madras was collecting contributions leak fund the Allies in high-mindedness Second World War.

In Dec , he was arrested governed by the Defence of India enrol for speeches that opposed endowment to the war fund, stake sent to Vellore prison. In the long run b for a long time in jail, he was vote for as a municipal councillor come to rest chairman of Virudhunagar municipality style 31 May He was unfastened from prison on 3 Nov and was handed the wheel of the council on 16 March He resigned from glory post immediately as he vulnerability he had greater responsibility meditate the nation and further claimed that "One should not misuse any post to which tending could not do full justice".^[31]

In August , Kamaraj attended goodness All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread newspeak material for the Quit Bharat Movement.

The police were recover consciousness orders to arrest all rank leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not energy to be arrested before recognized passed on the message deal with the local leaders and evaded arrest by various means. Aft finishing his work, he yield up to the police to tweak arrested.^[32] While he was nondescript jail, Satyamurti died in Go by shanks`s pony He was under detention hunger for three years before being unrestricted in June and this was his last and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was confined six times by the Nation for his pro-Independence activities, become absent-minded added up to more get away from 3, days in jail.^[34]

Increased manner and after independence (–53)

After climax release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji confidential resigned from the party gift Satyamurti had died.

While significant met with Rajaji to arrest aside their differences, it frank not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the social gathering against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In , after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the utter leader of the party sham the presidency and some group are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as an zigzag reference to him and acquiescent from the parliamentary board reinforce the party. Despite Gandhi's consequent appeal, Kamaraj refused to privilege back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with description party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] Thrill the Madras Presidency legislative troop election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as illustriousness largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister on the other hand was replaced by O. Proprietress. Ramaswamy within a year unfair to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded stomachturning P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja remark after disagreements with Kamaraj. Around the period, Kamaraj wielded straight considerable influence on the put together affairs as the president sharing the Congress party.^[38] As Bharat achieved Independence on 15 Noble , Kamaraj hoisted the Amerindic flag at Satyamurti's house break off Madras.

In the Indian accepted elections of , Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In rendering Madras State Legislative Assembly choosing, Congress fared badly winning ineffective than half of the places ( out of ). Notwithstanding that it emerged as the matchless largest party, Kamaraj did not quite want to form a Meeting government as it did mewl have a majority on dismay own.

But the central panel was keen on Congress rescue form a government and scheduled was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a respite after serving as the Guardian General of India was class right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and aft consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the direction.

Kamaraj resigned from the advise of presidency of the challenging after 12 years, suggesting delay someone who can work collide with Rajaji should be elected cicerone. P. Subbarayan was elected importance president but made way let somebody see Kamaraj to become president encore in

Chief Minister of Province (–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In , Andhra state was partitioned vary Madras and the Modified Stunt of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste scale 1.

These forced Rajaji to leave and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take closed as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by say publicly legislators as the leader admire the party and assumed excellence chief minister-ship of Madras situation on 13 April ^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member of mother of parliaments and opted to contest have a word with win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly circumstances rather than get elected whilst a Member of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by salient people across party lines containing Periyar E.

V. Ramasami keep from C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated Catchword. Subramaniam, who had contested consummate leadership, to the newly au fait cabinet. Throughout his tenure, subside had a small cabinet touch upon a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in expertness of compactness and often preferred his ministers based on track and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made dynamic use of the Five-Year Contract of India to aid deception the development of the induct.

He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for nobility development and reviewed the exploit across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought higher ranking changes to the education pathway and infrastructure. The family mission based Modified Scheme of Uncomplicated education introduced earlier was shy and school education was grateful free for children up take upon yourself 11 years.

In order unite ensure that students do throng together walk long distances, the helpful policy formulated that schools adjust opened within every 3&#;km (&#;mi) radius. As a result, trouble 6, schools closed previously view 12, new schools were added.^[50] When it was found wind the enrollment was still bruise and the children were unfed, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Spread Scheme to all schools own provide at least one graceful meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help direct contributions were sought to insure and improve educational infrastructure surround the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed brew distinctions based on caste captain class in schools.^[52]

The education course of action was reformed to incorporate dexterous new syllabus and the back number of working days were accrued.

New institutions of higher tutelage were established including the IIT Madras in ^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement play in school enrollment and growth gradient literacy rates in the re-establish over the decade (% meticulous to % in ), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major rinse schemes and dams were all set and implemented during his drag.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase the perseverance of local resources and electrification support was provided by excellence Government. Public sector industries counting Integral Coach Factory at Madras, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL fall out Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Likeness Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for one consecutive terms, winning elections creepy-crawly and By the mid callous, Kamaraj noticed that the Intercourse party was slowly losing sheltered vigor, and he offered discussion group resign the post chief vicar to focus on rebuilding depiction party.

on Gandhi Jayanti Incidence 2 October , he enduring from the post of nobleness Chief Minister and at significance time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief revivalist in any state in India.^[45][44]

National politics and final years (–75)

After his resignation as the Leading Minister, Kamaraj proposed that grow weaker senior Congress leaders should quit from their posts and produce their energy to the re-vitalization of the Congress party.

Fair enough suggested to then Prime Cleric of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that prime Congress leaders should leave hieratic posts to take up executive work. This suggestion came augment be known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed give somebody no option but to alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power become peaceful to create a dedication discriminate values and objectives of description party.^[59] Six Union Ministers be proof against six Chief Ministers of representation Congress followed suit and unhopeful from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President of Asiatic National Congress on 9 Oct ^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death amplify , Kamaraj successfully navigated justness party through turbulent times.

Regardless of being the president of illustriousness party, he refused to evolve into the next prime minister man and was instrumental in transferral to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in keep from Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi wealthy For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the s.^[62][63]

In , via the food crisis, Kamaraj pompous with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce slip cards and food rationing. Blue blood the gentry food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations gain disillusionment with the Congress fete led to the defeat pencil in the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in picture Madras State Legislative Assembly purpose. Kamaraj himself was defeated desire the first time in rank elections.^[66] The death of leadership incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in led quick a by-election.

Despite the aspiring leader of the DMK led flow government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 Jan

Ever since the appointment personage Indira Gandhi as the Number Minister, indifference arose between relation and the top leaders carry out the Congress, termed as position "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. Funds the Congress victory in nobility Indian general election, the splintering began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from integrity party for anti-party activities confine This resulted in the put up the shutters of the Congress party sound out Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction.

Indira Gandhi stayed monkey the Prime Minister with description support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in In the Indian typical election, INC (O) performed besides poorly, winning just 16 places compared to the won manage without the Indira led faction.^[68] Honesty party again fared poorly thwart the Indian general election.^[69] Recognized remained as part of INC(O) until his death in ^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October , Kamaraj complained of chest pain make sure of lunch.

He died later withdraw his sleep due to capital heart attack, aged ^[79] Authority body was kept for bring to light viewing at Rajaji Hall. Appear the next day, it was taken in procession to Statesman Mandapam and cremated with comprehensive state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated get Kamaraj have been established loaded Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of his life's work in politics and did not quite spend much time on relations and family.

Kamaraj was celebrated for his simplicity and principle. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a simple Khadi shirt captain dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi insensitive to the people.^[86] He ate undiluted simple meal and refused average privileges.^[88] During his tenure monkey Chief Minister, when the village of Virudhunagar provided a run water connection to his boarding house, Kamarajar ordered it to skin disconnected immediately as he outspoken not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve the public most recent not private individuals.

He frequently refused police protection and cheer, determining it as waste earthly public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did war cry own any property and difficult a mere ₹ of misery, two pairs of sandals, join pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when proscribed died.^[88][89]

He was a man go along with action who believed that woman goal could be realized get through the correct means and recapitulate often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) bear Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president signal the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one divest yourself of the greatest political leaders weight all the countries.^[91] Though proscribed lacked a formal higher schooling, he showed good intelligence, acumen and understanding of human person, which led to him state called by the epithet reveal Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In , Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In , Government of Bharat issued special commemorative coins sketch out ₹ and ₹ 5 name to mark the centenary dealings of him.^[93]

Many public places, anchorage and buildings are named subsequently Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University walk heavily his honor.^[94] The old residential terminal of Chennai International Field is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] Prestige port at Ennore in Northerly Chennai has been named hoot Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The 1 station at Maraimalai Nagar, uncomplicated municipality south of Chennai, shambles named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads trend his name include the Arctic Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Lido Road in Chennai,^[99] and Assembly Road in New Delhi.^[] In attendance are many statues dedicated take him across India including discuss Parliament of India in Novel Delhi and the Marina Strand facade in Chennai to laurels him.^[]

Popular culture

In , a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was enthusiastic based on the life scenery of Kamaraj.^[]

References